ASTM C1693-11(2017) Standard Specification for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC).pdf

1、Designation: C1693 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forAutoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision

2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC), a cementitious product based on calcium silicatehydrates in which low d

3、ensity is attained by the inclusion of anagent resulting in macroscopic voids, and in which curing iscarried out using high-pressure steam.1.2 The raw materials used in the production of autoclavedaerated concrete are portland cement or blended cements,quartz sand, water, lime, gypsum or anhydrite,

4、and an agentresulting in macroscopic voids. The quartz sand used as a rawmaterial may be replaced by a siliceous fine aggregate otherthan sand, and usually is ground to a fine powder before use.Fly ash may be used as a sand replacement. The batched rawmaterials are mixed thoroughly together to form

5、a slurry. Theslurry is cast into steel molds. Due to the chemical reactionsthat take place within the slurry, the volume expands. Aftersetting, and before hardening, the mass is machine cut intounits of various sizes. The units then are steam-cured underpressure in autoclaves where the material is t

6、ransformed into ahard calcium silicate.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address

7、all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6, 7,and 8.1.5 This international standard was d

8、eveloped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced

9、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C22/C22M Specification for GypsumC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC144 Specification for Aggregate for Masonry MortarC150 Specification for Portland CementC332 Specification for Light

10、weight Aggregates for Insulat-ing ConcreteC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC1692 Practice for Construction and Testing of AutoclavedAerated Concrete (AAC) MasonryE4 Practices for Force Ver

11、ification of Testing MachinesE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-semblies3. Classification3.1 AAC units manufactured in accordance with this speci-fication are classified according to their strength class.4. Materials and Man

12、ufacture4.1 Raw MaterialsMaterials shall conform to the follow-ing applicable specifications:4.1.1 Portland Cement, Specification C150.4.1.2 Blended Cements, Specification C595/C595M.4.1.3 Pozzolan, Specification C618.4.1.4 Gypsum, Specification C22/C22M.4.1.5 Aggregates, Specifications C33, C144,or

13、C332.5. Physical Requirements5.1 Compressive StrengthThe compressive strength shallbe determined according to Section 6 and shall conform to therequirements of Table 1.1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of S

14、ubcommittee C27.60 onPrecast Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1693 11. DOI: 10.1520/C1693-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontac

15、t ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standar

16、d was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Mon Apr

17、30 27 5.2 Dry Bulk DensityThe dry bulk density shall be deter-mined according to Section 7 and shall conform to therequirements of Table 1.5.3 Drying ShrinkageThe drying shrinkage shall be deter-mined in accordance with Section 8, and shall conform to therequirements of Table 1.5.4 Modulus of Elasti

18、cityIf required, the modulus ofelasticity shall be determined in accordance with Section 9.6. Determination of Compressive Strength6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Testing MachineThe testing machine shall conformto the requirements prescribed in Practice E4. The machineshall be equipped with two steel bearing bl

19、ocks one of whichis a spherically seated block that will transmit load to the uppersurface of the specimen, and the other a plane rigid block onwhich the specimen will rest.6.2 Test Specimens:6.2.1 Three cube specimens of 4 in. (100 mm) edge lengthshall be tested in an air dried condition (5 to 15 %

20、 by massmoisture content). If the samples have to be dried beforetesting to reach that moisture content, they shall be stored at atemperature not exceeding 158F (70C).6.2.2 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested. When-ever possible, one specimen shall be obtained from the upperthird of the pro

21、duct, one from the middle, and one from thelower third, determined in the direction of the rising of themass during manufacture. Otherwise, the position of the cubesand information regarding the rise shall be reported. Thedirection of the rise shall be noted on all specimens. This isshown in Fig. 1.

22、6.2.3 Loadbearing surfaces of the specimen shall be planewithin 0.0035 in. (0.09 mm) per 4 in. (100 mm). This can beachieved by grinding, milling, or capping. When capping, agypsum plaster compound shall be used.6.3 Procedure:6.3.1 The specimen shall be placed in the testing machineand the load appl

23、ied perpendicular to the direction of riseduring manufacture.6.3.2 Speed of TestingApply the load up to one half of theexpected maximum load at a convenient rate, after whichadjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniformrate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load

24、is applied in not less than one nor more than two minutes.6.3.3 Calculate the compressive strength of each specimenas follows:Compressive strength, f 5PA(1)where:f = compressive strength of the specimen, psi (or Pa),P = maximum load, lbf (or N), indicated by the testingmachine, andA = gross cross-se

25、ctional area of the specimen, in.2(mm2).6.4 The compressive strength shall be reported to thenearest 10 psi (69 kPa) for each specimen and as the averagefor three specimens.7. Determination of Moisture Content and Bulk Density7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 Balanceshall be sensitive within 0.5 % of the massof t

26、he specimen.7.2 Test SpecimensThree test specimens, as described in8.2, shall be used for calculating the bulk density.7.3 Procedure:7.3.1 Determine the mass of the specimens, and then drythem in a ventilated oven at 212 to 230F (100 to 110C) fornot less than 24 h, and until two successive determina

27、tions ofmass at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greaterthan 0.2 % of the last previously determined mass of thespecimen.7.3.2 Calculate the moisture content of each specimen asfollows:Moisture Content %, MC 5 A 2 B!/B 3100 (2)where:MC = moisture content, %,A = sampled mass of specimen

28、, lb (kg), andBto = dry mass of specimen, lb (kg).7.3.2.1 Report the average moisture content of all of thespecimens as the moisture content of the lot.7.3.3 Determine the dimensions of the test specimens with acaliper gauge. Measure the width and height at the ends and inthe middle of the length of

29、 the specimen. Measure the lengthTABLE 1 Physical RequirementsAStrength Class Compressive Strength,psi (MPa)Nominal DryBulk Density,lb/ft3(kg/m3)Density Limits,lb/ft3(kg/m3)min Lower Limit Upper Limit #AAC-2 290 (2.0) 25 (400) 22 (350) 28 (450)31 (500) 28 (450) 34 (550)AAC-3 435 (3.0) 31 (500) 28 (4

30、50) 34 (550)37 (600) 34 (550) 41 (650)AAC-4 580 (4.0) 31 (500) 28 (450) 34 (550)37 (600) 34 (550) 41 (650)AAC-5 725 (5.0) 37 (600) 34 (550) 41 (650)44 (700) 41 (650) 47 (750)AAC-6 870 (6.0) 37 (600) 35 (550) 41 (650)44 (700) 41 (650) 47 (750)AThe average drying shrinkage requirement of all strength

31、classes is #0.02 %.C1693 11 (2017)2Mon Apr 30 27 on two opposite sides. Determine the volume of the specimenby multiplying the average values of the dimensions.7.3.4 Calculate the dry bulk density of each specimen asfollows: 5 B/V (3)where: = dry bulk density, lb/ft3(kg/m3),B = dry mass of specimen,

32、 lb (kg), andV = volume of the specimen, ft3(m3).7.3.4.1 Report the average dry bulk density of all of thespecimens as the dry bulk density of the lot.8. Determination of Drying Shrinkage8.1 Apparatus:8.1.1 Balance, shall be sensitive to within 0.1 % of the massof the specimen.8.1.2 Caliper Gauge, s

33、hall be accurate to 0.004 in. (0.1mm).FIG. 1 Direction of LoadingC1693 11 (2017)3Mon Apr 30 27 8.1.3 Temperature Regulated Environment, capable of regu-lating the temperature to 68 6 4F (20 6 2C) and a minimumrelative humidity of 45 % in which the samples are storedduring drying and while the measur

34、ements in the change inlength are performed.8.1.4 Measuring Instrument, used to determine the changein length of the test samples. Any suitable device shall bepermitted to be used provided it meets the following require-ments:8.1.4.1 The instrument shall measure change in length alongthe longitudina

35、l axis of the sample.8.1.4.2 The instrument shall be able to make contact withthe measurement marks fastened to the face of the samples.8.1.4.3 The measurements shall be made with an accuracyof L/Logr 10-6, where Logris the original length of thesample8.1.4.4 The instrument shall have a measuring pr

36、ecisionconsistent with the accuracy required in 8.1.4.3.8.1.4.5 The instrument shall be checked with a measure-ment standard prior to each measurement.8.1.5 Measurement Marks, fastened to the faces of thesamples, shall be made of a corrosion-resistant material andshaped so that reliable contact with

37、 the measuring instrument isassured.8.1.6 Ventilated Drying Oven, capable of maintaining atemperature of 220 6 8F (105 6 5C).8.2 Test Specimens:8.2.1 Use prism specimens measuring 1.5 by 1.5 by 6.3 in.(40 by 40 by 160 mm), and use at least three specimens foreach test. Whenever possible, obtain one

38、specimen from theupper third of the product, one from the middle, and one fromthe lower third, determined by the direction of the rising of themass during manufacture. Otherwise, report the position of thesample and the direction of rise. Note the direction of rise onall specimens.8.2.2 The longitud

39、inal axis of the specimen shall be normalto the direction of rise and preferably parallel with thelongitudinal direction of the product. Cement the measurementmarks or otherwise securely fasten them to the faces of thespecimen.8.3 Measurement and Conditioning of Test Specimens:8.3.1 Measure the dime

40、nsions of the test specimens with acaliper gauge. Measure the width and height at the ends and inthe middle of the length of the specimen. Measure the lengthon two opposite sides. Determine the volume of the specimenby multiplying the average values of the dimensions.8.3.2 The samples shall be packa

41、ged in plastic and storedfor a minimum of 24 h at 68 6 4F (20 6 2C) to obtain auniform moisture distribution. The moisture content shall bedetermined as follows:MC 5 m 2 db!/db 3100 (4)where:m = mm/V, wet bulk density as determined by the mass inthe damp condition divided by the volume, anddb = dry

42、bulk density of a comparative sample as deter-mined in Section 7.8.4 Determination of Drying Shrinkage:8.4.1 Clean the measurement marks before each reading.Make the first determination of length and mass immediatelyafter removing the specimen from the plastic enclosure. Thenstore the specimen on a

43、grid to allow sufficient movement of airaround the specimens in an atmosphere of 68 6 4F (20 62C) and a minimum relative humidity of 45 %. Determineeach specimens mass and length at regular intervals until themoisture content has decreased to below 4 %. At least fivedeterminations shall be made.8.4.

44、2 The test specimens shall be stored in a drying cabinetat 220 6 8F (105 6 5C) until the mass at two determinationsdoes not change by more than 0.2 %. After a constant mass isreached, the measurement marks shall be removed, and themass determined.8.5 Calculation of Test Results:8.5.1 Calculate the r

45、elative change in length between read-ings as follows:si5Logr#2 Lf!Logr#3100 5LLogr#3100 (5)where:L = change in measured length according to 8.4.1 in in.(mm),Logr= the initial length of the specimen, andLf= the final length of the specimen.8.5.1.1 The relative change in length shall be reported with

46、an accuracy of 0.00001 in./in. (0.00001 mm/mm).8.5.2 The moisture content at each reading time shall becalculated as follows:MC 5mi2 md!md2 mmark!3100 (6)where:MC = moisture content,mi= mass of the damp sample at the reading time in lb(kg),md= mass of the sample unit after drying in lb (kg), andmmar

47、k= mass of the measurement mark in lb (kg).8.5.2.1 The moisture content shall be reported with anaccuracy of 0.1 %.8.5.3 The average values for the relative change in lengthand the moisture content for each reading shall be showngraphically and connected by a curve (Fig. 2). The amount ofdrying shri

48、nkage, cs, is the difference in the relative change inlength between the moisture contents of 30 and 6 %.9. Determination of the Modulus of Elasticity of AAC inCompression9.1 Test ApparatusThe test apparatus shall be as follows:9.1.1 Testing MachineThe testing machine shall conformto Practices E4 (C

49、onstant-Rate-of-Traverse CRT-Type TestingMachine). The spherical head and bearing blocks shall con-form to the Apparatus section of Test Method C39/C39M.9.1.2 CalipersCalipers shall allow a reading with a preci-sion of 0.1 mm.C1693 11 (2017)4Mon Apr 30 27 9.1.3 Drying OvensTwo ovens typically are used for thistest procedure; one maintained at a temperature of 105 6 5Cand another maintained at a temperature of 70 6 5C.9.1.4 Compressometer may be used to determine the strainbehavior of the specimen duri