ASTM D926-17 Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Plasticity and Recovery (Parallel Plate Method).pdf

1、Designation: D926 17Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyPlasticity and Recovery (Parallel PlateMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D926; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determinati

3、on of plasticityand recovery of unvulcanized rubber by means of the parallelplate plastometer. Uncompounded, compounded, and reclaimrubber may be tested.NOTE 1ISO 2007 and Test Method D3194 use a principle similar tothis test method although the apparatus, test conditions, and procedure aredifferent

4、.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app

5、ro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theD

6、evelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3194 Test Method for Rubber From Natural SourcesPlasticity Retention Index (PRI)D3767 Practice for RubberMe

7、asurement of DimensionsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 2007 Rubber UnvulcanizedDetermination ofPlasticityRapid Plastimete

8、r Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Plasticity:3.1.1 A specimen of specific volume and height is tested atroom temperature or heated to a specified test temperature for15 min and then subjected to a compressive force of 49 N fora specified time.3.1.2 At the end of this time, the height of the speci

9、men ismeasured, and the plasticity number is calculated.3.2 RecoveryThere are two recovery procedures.3.2.1 Procedure AThe test specimen is removed from theplastometer immediately after the determination of plasticityand allowed to cool and recover some of its original height for1 min. The height is

10、 measured again and the recovery iscalculated.3.2.2 Procedure BThe test specimen is compressed to aheight of 5 mm for 30 s and then allowed to recover at the testtemperature for 5 min. The height is measured again and therecovery is calculated.4. Significance and Use4.1 The plasticity number and the

11、 recovery of the testspecimen are related to the flow properties and the elasticproperties, respectively, and may be useful in predictingprocessing characteristics, such as ease of forming and extru-sion characteristics.4.1.1 In this test method, plasticity is measured in an inversemanner, as noted

12、by the final height of the specimen. Thus,high plasticity rubbers (high degree of flow during test) areindicated by a low plasticity number.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM committee D11 on Rubberand Rubber-like Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.12in P

13、rocessability Tests.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D926 08 (2013).DOI: 10.1520/D0926-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv

14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We

15、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World T

16、rade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Mon Apr 30 26 5. Apparatus5.1 The essential features of the parallel plate plastometer,illustrated in Fig. 1, are as follows:5.1.1 Two metal plates, not less than 10 mm in thicknessand 40 mm in diameter, shall be mounted on a suitable fr

17、ameso that one plate moves with respect to the other, and so that thetwo plates are parallel within 0.017 rad (1) at all times.5.1.2 The apparatus shall be so designed that a specimenbetween the parallel plates is subjected to a force of 49 6 0.5N, including the effect of the spring in the dial gaug

18、e duringtest.5.1.3 A digital or dial indicator gauge calibrated in hun-dredths of a millimetre (0.01 mm) shall be mounted on theapparatus in such a manner that the distance between the platescan be determined at all times.5.1.4 When required, the apparatus shall be operated in anyoven, as described

19、in Specification E145, that is capable ofcontaining the plastometer.5.1.5 A separate dimensional measurement gauge is re-quired for performing recovery measurements. The apparatusand methodology described in Practice D3767, Procedure A,shall be employed when performing these measurements.5.2 Test Su

20、rfacesFilms or material with low coefficients offriction shall be used to prevent sticking of the test specimen tothe plates. The most commonly used test surface is polyesterfilm. Other films such as cellophane or nylon may be used. Thetest surface film shall have a thickness of 0.25 6 0.005 mm.NOTE

21、 2The test surface used can affect the plasticity number. Evendifferent grades of the same type of film can cause different results. Whencomparing results, the same test surface must be used.6. Sampling6.1 Samples may be taken from raw rubber or unvulcanizedrubber compounds undergoing processing ope

22、rations.7. Test Specimens7.1 The specimen shall be a right cylinder 2.00 6 0.02 cm3in volume and be free from air pockets. (A cylinder 16 mm indiameter and 10 mm in height is appropriate.) The specimenmay be prepared from either a solid piece or plied sheets ofunvulcanized rubber approximately 1.5 m

23、m in thickness, carebeing taken to exclude air pockets in the sheet. The specimensmay be cut from the sheet either by means of two mating diesconforming to Fig. 2, which produce cylinders of the correctvolume, or a rotating die having an internal diameter ofapproximately 16 mm. If a rotating die is

24、used, the height of thecylinder shall be adjusted until the volume is 2.00 6 0.02 cm3.If the density is known, weighing may be used to adjust to thecorrect volume. If necessary, the specimen shall be placed in asuitable holder so that it is not appreciably deformed beforetesting.8. Test Conditions8.

25、1 The plasticity and recovery values obtained for a givensample will depend largely upon the manner in which the testspecimen is prepared. It is therefore imperative that whencomparisons are made between similar materials, the testspecimen preparation should be in accordance with somerigidly specifi

26、ed method. This is necessary because the plas-ticity and recovery may be affected by the amount of mechani-cal working and the conditions under which such work is done.This effect is not constant for all materials. The time intervalbetween test specimen preparation and testing is important andshould

27、 be the same for test specimens between which com-parisons are to be made.8.2 The test temperature shall be 25 6 5C (roomtemperature), or 40, 70, 85, or 100 6 2C unless anotherFIG. 1 One Type of Parallel Plate PlastometerFIG. 2 Die for Forming Test SpecimenD926 172Mon Apr 30 26 temperature is agreed

28、 upon. The most frequently used tempera-ture is 25C. When comparing test results, the same tempera-ture conditions shall be used.8.3 Readings may be taken at any desired interval followingthe application of the load. The most frequently used intervalsare between 3 and 10 min.9. Plasticity Procedure9

29、.1 Set the indicator to read zero with two thicknesses of thetest surface between the plates. Condition the plastometer atthe test temperature until temperature equilibrium is achieved.9.2 Place the test specimen between the two test surfaces toprevent sticking of the test specimen to the plates.9.3

30、 If required, condition the test specimen at the testtemperature for 15 6 0.5 min.9.4 Quickly place the test specimen between the two paral-lel plates, lower the mass, and at the end of the required timeinterval, read the thickness gauge to hundredths of a millime-tre. Record the height of the speci

31、men in millimetres as h1.9.5 Calculate plasticity, P, as follows:P 5 100h1(1)10. Recovery Procedures10.1 Recovery values may be determined by the proceduredescribed in either 10.2 or 10.3, but the results will differ.10.2 Procedure A:10.2.1 After determining the plasticity as described inSection 9,

32、immediately remove the test specimen from theplastometer and allow it to cool exactly 1 min at 23 6 2C.Then measure the height of the specimen with the two testsurfaces using the dial micrometer gauge specified in 5.1.5.Record this reading as h2.10.2.2 Calculate recovery, RA, as follows:RA5 100 h22

33、h1! (2)10.3 Procedure B:10.3.1 Follow the procedure described in Section 9 fordetermining plasticity, except that the test specimen shall becompressed to a height of 5 mm for 30 s. This may be done byplacing three spacers 5.00 6 0.01 mm in thickness on twothicknesses of test surface at suitable posi

34、tions between theplates to ensure parallelism and prevent misalignment of theplates.10.3.2 At the end of the compression period, remove thespecimen from between the plates and permit it to recover for5 min at the test temperature.10.3.3 At the end of the 5-min recovery period, measure theheight of t

35、he specimen with the micrometer gauge specified in5.1.5. Record as h3.10.3.4 Calculate recovery, RB, as follows:RB5 100 h32 5! (3)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Sample Identification:11.1.1.1 A full description of the sample and its origin,11.1.1.2 Compound details, where app

36、ropriate,11.1.1.3 Preparation method of the test piece (plied orsolid), and11.1.1.4 Time between preparation and test.11.1.2 Test Conditions:11.1.2.1 Test surface used,11.1.2.2 Test temperature,11.1.2.3 Time, in minutes, the force was applied to the testpiece,11.1.2.4 Recovery time, in minutes, and1

37、1.1.2.5 Date of the test.11.1.3 Test Results:11.1.3.1 Plasticity number, P, and11.1.3.2 Recovery number, RAor RB.12. Precision and Bias12.1 These precision and bias statements have been pre-pared in accordance with Practice D4483. Please refer toPractice D4483 for terminology and other testing and s

38、tatisticalconcept explanations.12.2 The Type 1 precision was determined from an inter-laboratory study of three compounds that were mixed in onelaboratory. Four laboratories prepared samples and tested eachcompound.TABLE 1 Type 1 PrecisionTestTest Tem-perature, CRangeof ValuesAWithin LaboratoryBBetw

39、een LaboratoryBSrr (r)BSRR (R)CPlasticity 70 415755 22.7 64.2 11.0 64.2 181.7 31.1Plasticity 100 350630 17.7 50.1 10.2 25.5 72.2 14.7Recovery 70 50250 28.6 80.9 54.0 55.7 157.6 105.0Recovery 100 30190 15.8 44.7 40.6 21.0 59.4 54.0AUnits = mm 100.BSr= repeatability standard deviation, in measurement

40、units.r = repeatability in measurement units.(r) = repeatability (relative) percent.SR= reproducibility standard deviation, in measurement units.R = reproducibility in measurement units.(R) = reproducibility (relative) percent.CMidpoint of range used to calculate (r) and (R).D926 173Mon Apr 30 26 12

41、.3 A “test result” for this plasticity and recovery testingrepresents one measurement with a parallel plate plastometer.12.4 Table 1 lists the precision data. A Type 1 precision, asdefined in Practice D4483, includes as components ofvariation, the specimen preparation and testing operationwithin eac

42、h laboratory, but not the mixing or compoundpreparation components of variation.12.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed inthe format of the following statements which use an “appro-priate value” of r, R,(r), or (R), that is, that value to be used indecisions about test results (obtai

43、ned with the test method).The appropriate value is that value of r or R associated with amean level in Table 1 closest to the mean level underconsideration (at any given time, for any given material) inroutine testing operations.12.6 RepeatabilityThe repeatability, r, of this test methodhas been est

44、ablished as the appropriate value tabulated in Table1. Two single test results, obtained under normal test methodprocedures, that differ by more than this tabulated r (for anygiven level) must be considered as derived from different ornon-identical sample populations.12.7 ReproducibilityThe reproduc

45、ibility, R, of this testmethod has been established as the appropriate value tabulatedin Table 1. Two single test results obtained in two differentlaboratories, under normal test method procedures, that differby more than the tabulated R (for any given level) must beconsidered to have come from diff

46、erent or non-identical samplepopulations.12.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a per-cent of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent applicationstatements as above for r and R. For the (r) and (R) statements,the difference in the two single test results is expressed as apercent of

47、 the arithmetic mean of the two test results.12.9 BiasIn test method terminology, bias is the differencebetween an average test value and the reference (or true) testproperty value. Reference values do not exist for this testmethod since the values of plasticity and recovery are exclu-sively defined

48、 by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot bedetermined.13. Keywords13.1 elastic properties; flow properties; parallel plate plas-tometer; plasticity; plasticity and recovery; plastometer; Wil-liams plastometerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights assert

49、ed in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to AST