ASTM D6344-04(2017) Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages.pdf

1、Designation: D6344 04 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forConcentrated Impacts to Transport Packages1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6344; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r

2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment fortesting complete filled transport packages for resistance againstconcent

3、rated low-level impacts typical of those encountered inthe distribution environment. The test is most appropriate forpackages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes orstretch-wrapped packaging.1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based onacceptance criteria previously establ

4、ished, and a record of theenergy dissipated by the complete filled transport packageduring a low level concentrated impact.NOTE 1This test method discusses the conduct of the test from aprescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptancecriteria. It may be possible to conduct th

5、is type of testing using modifiedprocedures that provide a numerical response. These might include anincremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until aspecific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used tofind the average height to failure.1.3 This standard does

6、not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was de

7、veloped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced D

8、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estim

9、ate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable co

10、ndition ofpackage and contents that must be met after the shippingcontainer has been tested.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability ofpackaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts fromoutside sources, such as those encountered in various modes oftransp

11、ortation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted byadjacent freight jostling against the package in a carriervehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loadedor unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against oneanother during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many othercircum

12、stances.4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability ofpackaging to protect contents from such impacts, and toevaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or bothbetween the package wall and its contents.5. Apparatus5.1 Cylindrical Mass with Full Radius (Hemispherical)EndSolid s

13、teel rod 32 mm 6 2 mm (1.25 in. 6 0.1 in.) indiameter, approximately 115 mm (4.5 in.) long, one endrounded to form a hemisphere, with a mass of 680 6 15 g (1.56 0.03 lb). A threaded eye-bolt may be attached to the end forpositioning and support prior to guided free fall drop, but itmust be included

14、in the 680 g (1.5 lb) mass (see Fig. 1).Threaded eyebolts must be attached to the side for positioningand support when used as a pendulum, and must be included inthe 680 g (1.5 lb) mass.5.2 Guided Free Fall (see Fig. 2):1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging an

15、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on ShippingContainers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6344 04 (2009). DOI:10.1520/D6344-04R17.

16、2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C

17、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the

18、World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.157 5.2.1 The cylindrical mass (rod) is held in a start position ina stiff tube of at least 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter, such that thetubes main axis is perpendicular within 2 degrees. The end ofthe tube should be positioned 50 to 100

19、 mm (2 to 4 in.) abovethe test specimen. The mass may be held in position, at thespecified vertical distance, with either a string from the top ofthe tube, or by a support pin placed through the side of the tube.5.2.2 The mass is allowed to fall freely when released tostrike the test specimen with i

20、ts rounded end. The free fallingrod must strike the test surface within 10 mm (0.4 in.) of thedesired point of impact. The test surface must be perpendicularto the direction of the falling mass.5.3 Non-guided Free Fall:5.3.1 If greater precision of impact velocity is desired, thecylindrical mass (ro

21、d) may be dropped without guidance of atube. Means of suspending the mass and its release must besuch that accuracy of positioning (drop height and impactpoint) are not affected.5.3.2 The free falling rod must strike the test surface within10 mm (0.4 in.) of the desired point of impact. The test sur

22、facemust be perpendicular to the direction of the falling mass.5.4 Pendulum (see Fig. 3):5.4.1 Two cords suspend the steel rod described in 5.1, suchthat it may be swung as a pendulum from a specified verticaldistance.The length of pendulum cords shall be at least 2 m (79in.). Cords must be secured

23、in the eyebolts to prevent slippageduring test.The swinging rod must strike the test surface within10 mm (0.4 in.) of the desired point of impact. The test surfacemust be perpendicular to the direction of the falling mass.5.4.2 The test specimen must be braced securely so it doesnot move when impact

24、ed.5.5 Conditioning ApparatusAdequate facilities shall beprovided for conditioning test specimens at the proper humid-ity and temperature prior to testing.5.5.1 It is recommended that atmospheres for conditioningbe selected from those given in Practice D4332. Unlessotherwise specified, fiberboard or

25、 paperboard containers shallbe conditioned in accordance with the preconditioning andstandard conditioning atmospheres specified in PracticeD4332.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance. Practice E122 is

26、recommended.7. Test Specimen7.1 It is preferable to prepare the package with the actualcontents for which it was designed (see Note 2). Close thepackage in the same manner that will be used in preparing it forshipment.NOTE 2Where the use of actual goods is not feasible because ofexcessive cost or da

27、nger, a dummy load simulating the goods may be used,provided the dummy load has the same exterior surfaces as the actualgoods and interior packaging materials are the same as those in actual use.FIG. 1 Cylindrical Mass (steel rod)FIG. 2 Guided Free FallFIG. 3 PendulumD6344 04 (2017)257 8. Procedure8

28、.1 Identify faces of the package that will be tested.Normally, tests are conducted on only those faces most likelyto receive concentrated low-level impacts during distribution.8.1.1 Large containers and those with integral handlingplatforms, such as skids, are exposed to impacts on the fourvertical

29、faces and top. Smaller packages may be subjected toimpacts on any face because of varying shipping orientations indistribution.8.2 Identify the location of impact on each surface to betested.8.2.1 If a package has a specified clearance between its face(wall) and the contents, and no support between

30、the face andthe contents over an substantial span of distance, the locationof impact on that face should be the geometric center of theunsupported span.8.2.1.1 An unsupported span is considered substantial if it isequal to or more than 50 % of the width of the package face,or 50 % of the length of t

31、he package face, or measures morethan 0.3 m (12 in.).8.2.2 For packages with specified clearance between facesand contents but no substantial unsupported spans (havinginterior support covering a greater area than that defined in8.2.1.1), location of impact should be the geometric center ofthe face.8

32、.2.3 If package contents are in contact with the packageface (wall) or within 6 mm (0.25 in.), location of impact on thatface should be located at the point contents are closest to theface.8.3 Establish the acceptance criteria prior to the commence-ment of testing. (See Practice D4169 for further in

33、formation.)8.4 Where possible, test packages in the same conditioningatmosphere specified in 5.5. If testing cannot be performed ina conditioning atmosphere, conduct test immediately uponremoving the package from the conditioned atmosphere.8.5 Conduct impact tests on each package face to be tested.8

34、.5.1 Use the pendulum device to impact vertical faces ofpackages where it is convenient to maintain those faces in thevertical position for testing.8.5.1.1 Vertical DistanceSwing the pendulum mass froma vertical distance that produces the specified energy at impact.(See Table 1.)8.5.2 For small pack

35、ages or any situation where horizontalpositioning of the test face is most convenient for testing, dropthe cylindrical mass, using either guided free fall or non-guidedfree fall, such that the mass impacts the previously identifiedlocation on the package face.8.5.2.1 Vertical DistanceRelease the cyl

36、indrical massfrom a height that produces the desired energy at impact (SeeTable 1).8.5.3 If higher level concentrated impacts are required thanrecommended in Table 1, use one of the following two options:8.5.3.1 The cylindrical mass may be modified by addingmore mass. The steel rod specifications as

37、 listed in 5.1 must bemaintained, except its length may be extended to achieve thedesired mass.8.5.3.2 A higher level concentrated impact may also beachieved by using a higher drop height. It is recommended touse a guided free-fall for any drop height greater than 1.0 m (40in.)8.5.3.3 Equate energy

38、at impact to free-fall drop height orvice versa as follows:PE 5 mgh solving for energy at impact!h 5 PE/mg solving for vertical drop height!where:PE = potential energy (or energy at impact),m = mass of steel rod, kg (lb),g = 9.8 m/sec (1 lbf/lb), andh = vertical drop height, m (ft).9. Report9.1 Repo

39、rt the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method, including a statement tothe effect that all tests were conducted in full compliance withthe requirements of this test method, or noting any variationsand their details,9.1.2 Dimensions of the package tested; complete structuralspecifi

40、cations; kinds of materials; description and dimensionsof blocking and cushioning, if any, and positioning of sameinside the package,9.1.3 Description of the contents of the package undertesting and, if not tested with the actual contents intended to beshipped, add a description of the actual conten

41、ts that will beshipped,9.1.4 Number of specimens tested,9.1.5 Method of conditioning the package; and results ofany supplementary tests of the materials from which thepackage is made,9.1.6 Description of the apparatus used,9.1.7 Details of the acceptance criteria used,9.1.8 Faces tested and location

42、 on each face,9.1.9 Description of the prescribed test sequence, if any, andthe free fall drop or pendulum heights used,9.1.10 Record of the energy (mass distance) generated bythe striking mass,9.1.11 Detailed record of the test results for each package,including damage to faces of the container or

43、wrap and thecontents, and9.1.12 Name and address of the testing agency, date, andsignature of a responsible representative of the agency.TABLE 1 Examples of Energy Generated at Impact for SomeTypical Vertical Fall DistancesVertical Distance, m (in.) Impact Energy, J (ft-lbf)A0.1 (4) 0.7 (0.5)0.2 (8)

44、 1.4 (1.0)0.3 (12) 2.0 (1.5)0.5 (20) 3.4 (2.5)0.7 (28) 4.7 (3.5)1.0 (40) 6.8 (5.0)AThe energy of impact depends on the mass of the striking object and its speed,which is generated by its fall. Table 1 gives theoretical energy levels in joules(ft-lbf), which are generated by a mass of 680 g (1.5 lb)

45、falling from several discreetheights. The maximum recommended vertical distance for this test is 1.0 m (40in.).D6344 04 (2017)357 10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionA precision statement is not applicablesince the test is conducted at a specified energy level todetermine conformance with establishe

46、d acceptance criteria.10.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test since a true value cannot be established by anaccepted referee test method.11. Keywords11.1 concentrated impact; corrugated boxes; guided freefall; non-guided free fall; package face; pendulum; shippingcontai

47、ner; stretch-wrapped package; transport packagesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,

48、 and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for rev

49、ision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (singl