ASTM E2035-12(2017) Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology.pdf

1、Designation: E2035 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Terminology Relating toForensic Psychophysiology1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a compilation of terms and correspondingdefinitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scien-tific terms that genera

3、lly are understood or defined adequatelyin other readily available sources may not be included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, andthe year of the last review or revision is appended.1.3 Definitions identical to th

4、ose published by anotherstandards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization or theidentifying document and ASTM committee; for example,ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular fie

5、ld areidentified with an abbreviation.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World T

6、rade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Significance and Use2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientificdiscipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierar-chy of sources of definitions are used in the development ofthis terminology. The hierarchy

7、is as follows: Websterss NewWorld Dictionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionar-ies; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. Thesubcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of thesources in the hierarchy are found wanting.3. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:Air Force

8、 modified general question test (AFMGQT),ntest format with flexible question orderings and numbersof relevant questions.DISCUSSIONThe AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiplefacet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations. The AFMGQT usesrelevant, comparison, sacrifice relevant and irrelevant questio

9、ns.artifact, na change in a PDD tracing that is not arributable toa review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.cardiovascular tracing, na display of physiological patternsof the subjects relative blood pressure and pulse rate.DISCUSSIONThe cardiograph component records this parison que

10、stion, ntype of question, the physiologicalresponses from which are compared to those generated bythe relevant questions.counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), nscreeningexamination administered by the Federal Government onindividuals with sensitive security clearances to detect anddeter espiona

11、ge, security breaches, sabotage, or other actsagainst the government.DISCUSSIONSometimes referred to as a loyalty examination.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., nalthoughnot a PDD case, the Daubert case set aside the landmarkFrye rules “general acceptability” provisions in favor of theFed

12、eral Rules of Evidence.DISCUSSIONThis paved the way for the admissibility of PDDevidence in most jurisdictions.2deception indicated (DI), na conventional term for a PDDoutcome.DISCUSSIONA decision of DI means that the physiological data arestable and interpretable and that the evaluation criteria us

13、ed by theexaminer concluded that the examinee was not being completelytruthful to the relevant issue. DI corresponds to the term significantphysiological responses (SPR).deception test, na family of PDD examinations where directquestions are posed to the examinee during physiologicalrecording regard

14、ing the examinees involvement in what iscovered in the relevant question.DISCUSSIONUnlike recognition tests, both truthful and deceptiveexaminees are aware of which questions are relevant, and directparticipation, not just recognition, is tested. Deception tests includePDD comparison question tests

15、and PDD relevant/irrelevant tests.1This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52on Forensic Psychophysiology and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE52.06 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1999. La

16、st previous edition approved in 2012 as E2035 12. DOI:10.1520/E2035-12R17.2For more information, see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(1992), 509 U.S. 579, 125 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 App D.C. 46,293 F 1013.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W

17、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World

18、Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1differential salience, nan expression that characterizes thetendency for the magnitude of physiological responses toreveal the perceived psychological significance an individualattaches to specific stimuli which, under controlledconditi

19、ons, permits a reliable inference of either recognitionor deception by the comparison of response magnitudes toall stimuli within a defined grouping.disclosure examinations over sexual history, na clinicalpolygraph examination intended to explore pre-conviction“lifetime” sexual behavioral histories

20、and activities whichinclude the disclosure of additional victims, sexual educationsources, victimization, exposure and utilization ofpornography, the onset of masturbation, paraphilias, sexualdeviance, and therapeutic issues.DISCUSSIONIt is a utility-designed multiple-issue polygraph test,subject to

21、 the successive hurdles decision approach.electrodermal tracing, nthe display of physiological pat-terns of either skin resistance or skin conductance obtainedthrough exosomatic recording with a galvanograph compo-nent.evidentiary PDD examination, ntest procedures that aredesigned to meet minimum st

22、andards for admissibility incourt or administrative hearings.DISCUSSION Among the necessary components are: electronicrecording of the session, use of a PDD technique for which thepreponderance of the published peer-reviewed research shows anaverage accuracy of 90 % or better; individually validated

23、 scoringrules, and optimized decision rules. Use of a movement sensor is alsorecommended.false negative, nmisclassification of a deceptive person astruthful.false positive, nmisclassification of a truthful person asdeceptive.forensic psychophysiology, nthe scientific discipline deal-ing with the rel

24、ationship and applications of PDD testswithin the legal system.DISCUSSION It encompasses the academic discipline that providesthe student, the practitioner, and the researcher with the theoretical andapplied psychological, physiological, and psychophysiological funda-mentals for a thorough understan

25、ding of PDD tests and the skills andqualifications for conducting PDD examinations. The modifier “forensic” delineates and delimits this discipline from the broaderdiscipline of psychophysiology.format, nthe established sequence or rules for orderingquestions for presentation during testing.homeosta

26、sis, na complex interactive regulatory system bywhich the body strives to maintain a state of internalequilibrium.inconclusive, na PDD examination finding that indicates thetesting phase was completed and the data did not containsufficient or consistent diagnostic information on which tobase a defin

27、itive decision concerning the truthfulness of theexaminee.investigative PDD procedures, nroutine PDD examinationsthat are used to explore wider issues than evidentiary PDDexaminations and are not intended to meet exacting eviden-tiary standards.DISCUSSIONInvestigative procedures may include applican

28、t testing,PCSOT, and multiple-facet criminal testing.irrelevant question, nAn irrelevant question is designed tobe a non-emotion provoking question (also referred to asnorms or neutral questions).modified general question test (MGQT), ntest formatpatterned after the Reid test and modified by the U.S

29、.military. It contains relevant, irrelevant, and comparisonquestions.DISCUSSIONThe MGQT is widely used in the field and has a bodyof validity research.monitoring examination, nA clinical polygraph examina-tion specifically intended to uncover whether the offenderhas committed any illegal sexual act(

30、s) with a child or anyother sexual act forbidden by law during a sex offendersperiod of supervision.DISCUSSIONThe requested test timeframe can be since the imposi-tion of the offenders parole or probation, since his last test, or since anyother period designated by supervision officers. This is excl

31、usively asingle-issue polygraph test.multiple-facet polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover the same event, though the questions maycover different aspects of that event.DISCUSSIONBecause the relevant questions all relate to the sameevent, in field conditions the examinee would

32、typically be entirelyeither truthful or deceptive to all questions, though this is not acondition of the multiple-facet polygraph test. One multiple-facet PDDformat is the Reid test.multiple-issue polygraph test, na test in which the relevantquestions cover two or more areas that are partially orcom

33、pletely independent from one another.DISCUSSION Forms of multiple-issue polygraph testing includePCSOT, applicant testing, and counterintelligence screening.no deception indicated (NDI), na conventional term for aPDD outcome.DISCUSSIONAdecision of NDI means that the physiological data arestable and

34、interpretable and that the evaluation criteria used by theexaminer concluded that the examinee was being completely truthful tothe relevant issue. NDI corresponds to the term no significant physi-ological responses (NSR).noise, nin PDD, it is the random variation in the recordeddata that has no diag

35、nostic value, and when excessive, maytake the identification of diagnostic patterns more difficult.no opinion (NO), na PDD examination finding whichindicates that no decision could be made because the testingprotocol was incomplete, distorted, or interfered with in sucha way as to prevent proper eva

36、luation.DISCUSSIONThis lack of completion could be due to the failure ofthe examinee to cooperate, premature termination of the examination,or any other event which prevents the successful completion of testingor the proper collection of the physiological data.no significant responses (NSR), nresult

37、s of a screeningexamination which denote that the screening phase of testingE2035 12 (2017)2was completed, the examiner deemed the physiological datainterpretable, and there were no consistent and significantresponses to any of the relevant questions.optimal decision rules, nthose that restrict the

38、types andproportion of error to those that can be tolerated by theconsumers of the polygraph results.DISCUSSIONBecause it is not possible to simultaneously reduceerrors of one type (that is, false positives) without increasing errors ofthe other type, optimal decision rules are central to a judiciou

39、s andrational process by which the payoff to the consumers of the polygraphdecision is greatest and the cost associated with errors is minimized.Optimal decision rules for investigative and evidentiary polygraphymay be different from one another.peak of tension (POT), na family of testing procedures

40、,including known solution, searching (probing), and acquain-tance tests.DISCUSSIONThere is a body of validation research for the knownsolution POT.PDD examination, na process that encompasses all activi-ties that take place between a PDD examiner and anexaminee during a specific series of interactio

41、ns whichincludes the pretest interview, the collection of physiologicaldata from the examinee while presenting a series of tests, thetest data analysis phase and a conclusion made.PDD examiner, nsomeone who has successfully completedformal education and accredited training in conducting PDDexaminati

42、ons and, if appropriate, is certified or licensed bytheir agency or state to conduct such examinations.phasic response, na response, typically of short duration,where the level of physiological arousal returns to itspre-arousal state.physiology, nthe branch of biology dealing with the func-tions and

43、 vital processes of living organisms or their partsand organs.polygraph examiner, na term used synonymously with PDDexaminer.DISCUSSIONIn the evolution of terminology within this discipline,the term polygraph examiners replaced the antiquated appellation “ LieDetector Operator” (see PDD examiner).po

44、lygraph instrument, na diagnostic instrument used dur-ing a PDD examination, which is capable of simultaneouslymonitoring, recording, and measuring at a minimum,respiratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity as aresponse to auditory or visual stimuli.polygraphy, nsee psychophysiological det

45、ection of decep-tion (PDD).post-conviction sex offender testing (PCSOT), nsee clini-cal polygraph examination.disclosure examination, na form of PCSOT which in-volves an in-depth look at the entire life cycle of an offenderand his or her sexual behaviors up to the date of criminalconviction.DISCUSSI

46、ONSometimes referred to as a sexual history examination.pretest interview, nthe earliest portion of the PDD exami-nation process during which the examinee and examinerdiscuss the test, test procedure, and the details of the testissues.DISCUSSIONThe pretest interview also serves to prepare the exam-i

47、nee for the testing.psychology, nthe science dealing with the mind and with themental and emotional processes.psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD), ntheacademic discipline that provides the student, thepractitioner, and the researcher with the theoretical andapplied psychological, physio

48、logical, and psychophysiologi-cal fundamentals for a thorough understanding of PDD testsand the skills and qualifications for conducting PDD exami-nations (see polygraphy).psychophysiological veracity (PV) examination, nsee psy-chophysiological detection of deception (PDD).psychophysiology, nthe stu

49、dy of interactions between men-tal and physiological processes.purposeful non-cooperation (PNC), na decision of PNCindicates that the polygraph examiner detected the examineeengaging in apparently motivated and repeated behaviorcontrary to the examiners instructions that interferes withthe protocol or physiological recordings.quality control, nthe process in which all relevant PDDdocuments and materials are reviewed by an independentand qualified person to assess whether the testing examine