ASTM E777-17a Standard Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel.pdf

1、Designation: E777 17aStandard Test Method forCarbon and Hydrogen in the Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la

2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbonand hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Bothcarb

3、on and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This testmethod yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen inRDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon andhydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present inmineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the freemoistu

4、re accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydro-gen present as water of hydration.NOTE 1It is recognized that certain technical applications of the dataderived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. Thesecorrections could involve compensation for the carbon present ascarbo

5、nates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysissample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.1.2 This test method may be applicable to any wastematerial from which a laboratory analysis sample can beprepared.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asst

6、andard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and

7、deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelo

8、pment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementE790 Test Method for Residua

9、l Moisture in Refuse-DerivedFuel Analysis SamplesE791 Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived FuelAnalysis Data from As-Determined to Different BasesE829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)Laboratory Samples for Analysis3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test met

10、hod, refer toTerminology D5681.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The determination is made by burning the sample toconvert carbon to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to water. Thecombustion is carried out using high-purity oxygen that hasbeen passed through a purifying train. The carbon dioxide andwater are r

11、ecovered in an absorption train. Combustion tubepacking is used to remove interfering substances. This testmethod gives the total percentage of carbon and hydrogen inthe RDF as analyzed, including the carbon in carbonates andthe hydrogen in water.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard is intended

12、to provide a method fordetermining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in anRDF analysis sample.5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and,when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustioncharacteristics.6. Apparatus6.1 Oxygen Purifying TrainHigh-purity oxygen is passedthrough

13、 water and carbon dioxide absorbers prior to use for1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originallya

14、pproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E777 17. DOI:10.1520/E0777-17A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum

15、mary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principle

16、s for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1combustion. The oxygen purifying train consists of the follow-ing three components in order of gas passage (see Fig. 1):6.1.1 First Water Ab

17、sorberA container constructed suchthat oxygen must pass through a column of water-removingreagent. The container shall have a capacity for at least 45 cm3of solid reagent, and the minimum gas distance traveledthrough the reagent shall be at least 80 mm.6.1.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorberIf solid reagents

18、are usedfor carbon dioxide absorption, the container shall be asdescribed in 6.1.1. If a solution is used, the container shall bea Vanier bulb. It shall provide a column of reagent adequate toremove carbon dioxide below the testing laboratorys analyticreporting limit.6.1.3 Second Water AbsorberSame

19、as specified in 6.1.1.6.2 Flow Meter, used to permit volumetric measurement ofthe rate of flow of oxygen during the determination. It shall besuitable for measuring flow rates within the range from 50 to100 mL/min. The use of a double-stage pressure-reducingregulator with gage and needle valve is re

20、commended to permiteasy and accurate adjustment to the rate of flow.6.3 Combustion Unit, consisting of three electrically heatedfurnace sections, individually controlled, which may bemounted on rails for easy movement. The upper part of eachfurnace may be hinged so that it can be opened for inspecti

21、onof the combustion tube. The three furnace sections shall be asfollows (see Fig. 1):6.3.1 Furnace Section 1Furnace 1 is nearest the oxygeninlet of the combustion tube, approximately 130 mm long andused to heat the inlet of the combustion tube and the sample. Itshall be capable of rapidly attaining

22、an operating temperatureof 875 6 25 C.NOTE 2Combustion tube temperature shall be measured by means ofa thermocouple placed immediately adjacent to the tube near the center ofthe appropriate tube section.6.3.2 Furnace Section 2Furnace 2 shall be approximately330 mm in length and used to heat that por

23、tion of the tube filledwith cupric oxide. The operating temperature shall be 850 620 C (see Note 2).6.3.3 Furnace Section 3Furnace 3 shall be approximately230 mm long, and used to heat that portion of the tube filledwith lead chromate or silver. The operating temperature shallbe 500 6 50 C.6.3.4 Com

24、bustion Tube, made of fused quartz, or high-silicaglass and having a nominal inside diameter which may varywithin the limits of 19 to 22 mm and a minimum total lengthof 970 mm. The exit shall be tapered to provide a tubulatedsection for connection to the absorption train. The tubulatedsection shall

25、have a length of 20 to 25 mm, an internal diameterof not less than 3 mm, and an external diameter of approxi-mately 7 mm. The total length of the reduced end shall notexceed 60 mm. If a translucent fused quartz tube is used, atransparent section 190 mm long, located 250 mm from theoxygen inlet end o

26、f the tube, will be found convenient (see Fig.2).6.3.5 Combustion Boat, made of glazed porcelain, fusedsilica, or platinum. Boats with internal dimensions of approxi-mately 70 by 8 by 8 mm have been found convenient to use inthis analysis.6.4 Absorption Train, identical to the oxygen absorptiontrain

27、 described in 6.1. The absorption train shall consist of thefollowing components arranged as listed which corresponds tothe order of oxygen passage through the apparatus (see Fig. 1):6.4.1 First Water Absorber, as described in 6.1.1.6.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorber, as described in 6.1.2.6.4.3 Second W

28、ater Absorber, as described in 6.1.3. Thesecond water absorber is also known as a guard tube.A = flowmeter (6.2) E, F, G, H, I = combustion unit (6.3)B, C, D = oxygen purifying train (6.1) E = furnace 1 (6.3.1)B = first water absorber (6.1.1) F = furnace 2 (6.3.2)C = carbon dioxide absorber (6.1.2)

29、G = furnace 3 (6.3.3)D = second water absorber (6.1.3) H = combustion tube (6.3.4)I = combustion boat (6.3.5)J, K, L = absorption train (6.4)J = first water absorber (6.4.1)K = carbon dioxide absorber (6.4.2)L = guard tube (6.4.3)NOTE 1C and K can substitute a Vanier bulb if liquid absorbent is used

30、.FIG. 1 Construction of Oxygen Purifying ApparatusE777 17a27. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of theAmericanChemical Society, where such specifications are

31、 available.3Other grades may be used, provided it is first determined thatthe reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its usewithout lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water, Type

32、III,conforming to Specification D1193.7.3 Oxygen, with minimum acceptable purity 99.5 %.NOTE 3If the blank tests for flow (see 10.3.2) indicate interferingimpurities in the oxygen supply by consistent weight gain in the absorbers,eliminate these impurities by using a preheater furnace and tube, fill

33、edwith cupric oxide. Operate this preheater at 850 6 20 C and insert inseries between the supply tank of oxygen and the purification train.7.4 Combustion Tube Reagents:7.4.1 Cupric Oxide (CuO), wire form, dust-free.7.4.2 Fused Lead Chromate (PbCrO4), approximately 2.38to 0.84 mm in size.7.4.3 Silver

34、 Gauze, 99.9 % silver minimum purity, 0.84 mm,made from approximately No. 27 B&S gage wire.7.4.4 Copper Gauze, 99.0 % copper minimum purity,0.84 mm, made from approximately No. 26 B&S gage wire.7.5 Purification and Absorption Train Reagents:7.5.1 Water AbsorbentAnhydrous magnesium perchlorate(Mg(ClO

35、4)2) approximately 2.38 to 0.35 mm in size.47.5.2 Carbon Dioxide AbsorbentIf a solid reagent is used,it shall consist of either sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOHor KOH) impregnated in an inert carrier of approximately 2.38to 0.84 mm in size. Use of soda lime in place of the above orin admixture wi

36、th them is permissible (Note 4). If a solution isused, it shall consist of 30 weight % potassium hydroxide(KOH).NOTE 4Acceptable carbon dioxide absorbing reagents using sodiumor potassium hydroxide are sold under the trade name Ascarite. If sodalime is used in admixture with any of the foregoing, it

37、 should not exceed30 weight % of the total reagent. In using Ascarite it may be necessary toadd a few drops of water to this reagent to ensure complete absorption ofcarbon dioxide.8. Precautions8.1 Due to the origins of RDF in municipal waste, safetyprecautions should be taken when conducting tests

38、on samples.Safety practices include use of gloves for handling RDFsamples; wearing NIOSH-approved type dust masks, espe-cially while milling RDF samples; conducting tests under anegative pressure hood; and washing hands with soap andwater after completing the analysis.9. Sampling9.1 RDF products are

39、 frequently inhomogeneous. For thisreason, care should be exercised to ensure that a representativelaboratory sample from the RDF lot to be characterized isobtained.9.2 The sampling method for this procedure should be basedon agreement between the involved parties.9.3 The laboratory sample must be a

40、ir-dried and particlesize reduced to pass through a 0.5-mm screen as described inPractice E829. This procedure must be carefully performed topreserve the samples representativeness excepting particle sizewhile preparing the analysis sample for analysis.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Combustion Tub

41、e PackingTo ensure complete oxi-dation of combustion products and complete removal ofinterfering substances such as sulfur oxides, the combustiontube shall be packed with cupric oxide and lead chromate orsilver gauze. The configuration and lengths of the tube fillingsand separating plugs shall be as

42、 shown in Fig. 2 (see Note 5).It is recommended that the tube be placed in a vertical position3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Stan

43、dards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.4Trade names of this reagent are Anhydrone or Dehydrite.A = clear fused quartz section (optional when a translucent quartz

44、tube is used)B = cupric oxide fillingC = lead chromate or silver gauze fillingP1,P2,P3= oxidized copper gauze plugsNOTE 1When furnace sections longer than those specified in 6.3 are to be used, changes in the above dimensions shall be in accordance withprovisions of Note 5.FIG. 2 Arrangement of Tube

45、 Filling for Combustion TubeE777 17a3(constricted end downward) for packing. When filling the tubewith lead chromate, any residual reagent adhering to the wallsof the empty portion of the tube must be removed. When silvergauze is used as a tube filling, the required length of filling maybe prepared

46、conveniently from three or four strips 150 to200 mm in length, by rolling each strip into a cylindrical plugand inserting the strips end-to-end in the tube.NOTE 5Longer furnaces with appropriate lengths of tube packing canbe used.10.2 Purification and Absorption Trains:10.2.1 Water AbsorbersFill a c

47、ontainer, described in6.1.1, with a solid desiccant, as described in 7.5.1, by addingthe required amount in small portions and settling each portionby gently tapping between additions. Place a glass wool plugbetween the reagent and absorber outlet to prevent loss ofreagent dust.10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide

48、 AbsorbersIf a solid reagent is usedfor the retention of carbon dioxide (7.5.2), fill the absorber(6.1.2) as described in 10.2.1. Place a layer or cap of desiccantin the outlet section of the container; it shall be the same typeof dessicant as that used in the water absorber. This layer shallhave a

49、bulk volume not less than one-fourth nor more thanone-third of the combined volume of both reagents.10.2.2.1 If a liquid absorbent is used, fill the inner tube ofthe Vanier bulb with the same desiccant used in the waterabsorber. If a solid absorbent is used, place a glass wool plugin the outlet section of the container to prevent loss of reagentdust.10.2.3 Guard TubePack a container, as described in 6.1.1,with equal volumes of the water absorbent and a solid carbondioxide absorbent.10.2.4 ConnectionsTo ensure a closed system from theoxyg