ASTM D1895-17 Standard Test Methods for Apparent Density, Bulk Factor, and Pourability of Plastic Materials.pdf

1、Designation: D1895 17Standard Test Methods forApparent Density, Bulk Factor, and Pourability of PlasticMaterials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of

2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the m

3、easurement of apparentdensity, bulk factor, and where applicable, the pourability ofplastic materials such as molding powders. Different proce-dures are given for application to the various forms of thesematerials that are commonly encountered, from fine powdersand granules to large flakes and cut f

4、ibers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap

5、pro-priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1Test MethodAis equivalent to ISO Method R 60 as describedin the appendix. Test Method C is identical with ISO Method R 61.1.4 This international standard was developed

6、in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents

7、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique2.2 ISO Standards:3R60 Determination of Apparent Density of Molding Ma

8、te-rials that Can be Poured from a Specified FunnelR61 Determination of Apparent Density of Molding Mate-rial that Cannot be Poured from a Specified Funnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent densitythe weight per unit volume of amaterial, including voids inherent in the material as tested.3

9、.1.1.1 The term bulk density is commonly used for mate-rials such as molding powder.3.1.2 bulk factorthe ratio of the volume of any givenquantity of the loose plastic material to the volume of the samequantity of the material after molding or forming. The bulkfactor is also equal to the ratio of the

10、 density after molding orforming to the apparent density of the material as received.3.1.3 pourabilitya measure of the time required for astandard quantity of material to flow through a funnel ofspecified dimensions.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide useful indexes of perfor-mance

11、 of plastic materials such as powders and granules withrespect to their handling in packaging and fabrication.4.2 Apparent density is a measure of the fluffiness of amaterial.4.3 Bulk factor is a measure of volume change that may beexpected in fabrication.4.4 Pourability characterizes the handling p

12、roperties of afinely divided plastic material. It is a measure of the readinesswith which such materials will flow through hoppers and feedtubes and deliver uniform weights of material.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility o

13、f Subcommittee D20.70 on AnalyticalMethods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1895 96(2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/D1895-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST

14、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Cha

15、nges section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the De

16、cision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1APPARENT DENSITYTest Method A5. Scope5.1 Test Method A (see Note 1) covers the measurement ofthe apparent density of the

17、fine granules and powders that canbe poured readily through a small funnel.6. Apparatus6.1 Measuring CupA cylindrical cup of 100 6 0.5-cm3capacity, having a diameter equal to half the height, as shownin Fig. 1.NOTE 2Example, 39.9-mm (1.572-in.) inside diameter by 79.8-mm(3.144-in.) inside height.6.2

18、 Funnel, having a 9.5-mm diameter opening at thebottom, and mounted at a height 38 mm above the measuringcup, as shown in Fig. 1.7. Procedure7.1 With the apparatus assembled as shown in Fig. 1, closethe small end of the funnel with the hand or with a suitable flatstrip and pour a 115 6 5-cm3sample i

19、nto the funnel. Open thebottom of the funnel quickly and allow the material to flowfreely into the cup. If caking occurs in the funnel, use a smallglass rod to loosen the material.7.2 After all the material has passed through the funnel,immediately scrape off the excess on the top of the cup with as

20、traightedge without shaking the cup. Weigh the material in thecup to the nearest 0.1 g. Calculate the weight in grams of 1 cm3of the material.NOTE 3To convert grams per cubic centimetre to ounces per cubicinch, multiply by 0.578. To convert to grams per cubic inch multiply by16.39. To convert grams

21、per cubic centimetre to pounds per cubic foot,multiply by 62.43.NOTE 4Apparent density figures are not comparable except onmaterials having the same specific gravity after molding or forming.7.3 For very fine materials that will bridge and not flowthrough the funnel pour lightly from a paper held ap

22、proxi-mately 38 mm (1.5 in.) above the opening of the measuringcup.NOTE 5Finely divided powders may collect electrostatic chargeswhich, if present at the time of measurement, may result in variableapparent density values. The use of an anti-static agent mixed with thepowders at a 0.2 weight percent

23、may eliminate electrostatic charges.Test Method B8. Scope8.1 Test Method B covers the measurement of the apparentdensity of coarse, granular materials, including dice andpellets, that either cannot be poured or that pour with difficultythrough the funnel described in Test Method A.9. Apparatus9.1 Me

24、asuring CupAcylindrical cup of 400-cm3capacity,as shown in Fig. 2.9.2 Funnel, having a 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter opening atthe bottom, and mounted at a height 38 mm (1.5 in.) above themeasuring cup, as shown in Fig. 2.NOTE 6Finely divided powders may collect electrostatic chargeswhich, if present at

25、the time of measurement, may result in variableapparent density values. The use of an anti-static agent at a 0.2 weightpercent may eliminate electrostatic charges.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method A FIG. 2 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method BD1895 17210. Procedure10.1 With

26、the apparatus assembled as shown in Fig. 2, closethe small end of the funnel with the hand or with a suitable flatstrip and pour a 500 6 20-cm3sample into the funnel. Open thebottom of the funnel quickly and allow the material to flowfreely into the cup.NOTE 7The funnel described in Test Method B is

27、 also used for morefinely divided powders such as vinyl resins. While these powders usuallywill pour through this funnel, they may bridge in the 400-cm3cup shownin Fig. 2. To avoid this, the 100-cm3cup shown in Fig. 1 may besubstituted, and the sample reduced to 115 6 5cm3.10.2 After all the materia

28、l has passed through the funnel,immediately scrape off the excess on the top of the cup with astraightedge without shaking the cup. Weigh the material in thecup to the nearest 0.1 g; then calculate the weight in grams of1cm3of the material. Make three determinations of theapparent density on each sa

29、mple and average the results (Note3).Test Method C11.1 Test Method C (see Note 1) covers the measurement ofthe apparent density of materials supplied in the form of coarseflakes, chips, cut fibers, or strands. Such materials cannot bepoured through the funnels described in Test MethodsAand B.Also, s

30、ince they ordinarily are very bulky when loosely pouredand since they usually are compressible to a lesser bulk, evenby hand, a measure of their density under a small load isappropriate and useful.12. Apparatus12.1 Measuring CylinderA cylinder of 1000-cm3capacity, as shown in Fig. 3.12.2 Weight Plun

31、gerA cylinder closed at one end andhaving an outside diameter slightly smaller than the insidediameter of the measuring cylinder, as shown in Fig. 3. Theplunger shall have a scale cut on the outside surface, graduatedin intervals of 1 mm.13. Procedure13.1 Place the measuring cylinder on a piece of p

32、aper.Loosely drop 60 6 0.2 g of the material to be tested into themeasuring cylinder from a height approximately that of thecylinder, taking care to lose none of the material and to drop itas uniformly as practicable. Before applying the weight, levelthe material in the measuring cylinder. Measure t

33、he height ofthe loose material in centimetres and identify this measurementas H1.13.2 Fill the weight plunger with lead shot to obtain a totalweight of 2300 6 20 g (5.07 6 0.04 lb), including the plunger.Lower this weight gradually into the measuring cylinder untilit is entirely supported by the mat

34、erial. Allow the weight tosettle for 1 min and take the reading from the scale to thenearest 0.1 cm. This reading will give directly in centimetresthe height, H2, of the material.14. Precision and Bias414.1 Table 1 is based on a round-robin test conducted in198788, involving eight materials, tested

35、by six laboratories.Each of the materials were commercial materials and weredistributed to the testing laboratories on an “as received” bias.Each test result was based on three individual determinations,4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by request

36、ing Research Report RR:D20-1156.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Apparent Density Test, Method CD1895 173and was obtained either by Test Method A or B, dependentupon equipment availability in the individual laboratory. TestMethod C was not evaluated. Insufficient data were collectedfor the evaluation of bulk fa

37、ctor and pourability because of theinherent properties of the tested materials, and limitations inthe equipment available to the laboratories involved in theinterlaboratory test.NOTE 8Specific materials are:Apoly(propylene)Bcellulose acetateCpoly(ethylene)Dnylon polyamideEpolyacetalFpoly(vinylidene

38、chloride)Gpoly(vinyl chloride)Hpolyester (PETE)14.2 In Table 1, for the materials indicated and for meanvalues that were derived from triplicate determinations:14.2.1 Sris the within-laboratory standard deviation of themean and Ir= 2.83 Sr.14.2.2 SRis the between-laboratory standard deviation ofthe

39、mean and IR= 2.83 SR.14.2.3 Vrand VRare the relative standard deviations for thewithin-laboratory and between-laboratory components in per-centage of the relevant mean.14.3 BiasSince no absolute test method exists forcomparison, no bias statement can be presented for this testmethod.15. Calculation1

40、5.1 Calculate the apparent density of the material beforeand after application of the load as follows, making separatecalculations for both H1, and H2:V 5 H 3A (1)Apparent density 5 W/Vwhere:V = volume occupied by the material in the measuringcylinder, cm3,H = height of the material in the measuring

41、 cylinder, cm,A = cross-sectional area of the measuring cylinder, (61.89cm2), andW = weight of the material in the cylinder (60 g).15.2 Make three determinations of the apparent density oneach sample and average these results separately.16. Report16.1 Report each value of the apparent density and of

42、 theaverage density, both before and after loading.BULK FACTOR17. Procedure17.1 Apparent DensityMeasure the apparent density of thematerial in accordance with the applicable test method asdefined in Sections 515.17.2 Density After Molding or FormingMeasure the den-sity of the molded or formed plasti

43、c material in accordancewith either Test Method D1505, or Method A of Test MethodsD792, on two or more samples formed of the material underexamination. When the latter method is used, the averagespecific gravity, in general, shall be assumed to be numericallyequal to the average density in grams per

44、 cubic centimetre. Ifthe shape of the formed specimen is such that its volume maybe readily and accurately calculated from its dimensions, thedensity may be determined by dividing the weight of thespecimen by its volume.18. Calculation18.1 Calculate the bulk factor of the plastic material asfollows:

45、Bulk factor 5 D2/D1(2)where:D2= average density of the molded or formed specimen, andD1= average apparent density of the plastic material prior toforming.19. Report19.1 Report the following information:19.1.1 Average apparent density of the plastic material andthe method employed,19.1.2 Average dens

46、ity of the molded or formed specimen,and19.1.3 Bulk factors (Note 9 and Note 10) calculated fromthem.NOTE 9Because bulk factor is a dimensionless ratio, it permitsranking of plastic materials, with respect to volume change uponfabrication, regardless of their molded or formed density (or specificgra

47、vity).NOTE 10For measurements made in accordance with Test Method C,bulk factor before and after loading shall be reported. These shall beclearly identified.POURABILITY20. Apparatus20.1 The apparatus shall consist of the funnel described inTest Method A (6.2 and Fig. 1), mounted as shown, and either

48、a stopwatch or an electric timer of comparable accuracy.NOTE 11Pourability may be measured with the funnel described inTest Method B (9.2); however, the flow of material through this funnel isfrequently too rapid to yield meaningful results. Test Method C does notpermit measurement of pourability.TA

49、BLE 1 Precision and Bias DataAMaterial Average SrSRIrIRVrVRA 0.5372 0.0023 0.0256 0.0065 0.0724 0.43 4.77B 0.7342 0.0026 0.0377 0.0074 0.1067 0.35 5.14C 0.6191 0.0026 0.0230 0.0074 0.0651 0.42 3.71D 0.7314 0.0029 0.0342 0.0082 0.0968 0.39 4.67E 0.8766 0.0054 0.0302 0.0153 0.0855 0.62 3.44F 0.7819 0.0009 0.0165 0.0025 0.0467 0.11 2.11G 0.6092 0.0018 0.0112 0.0051 0.0317 0.30 1.83H 0.7975 0.0062 0.0350 0.0175 0.0991 0.77 4.39ASupporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1161.D1895 17421. Procedure21.1 Tak