IEEE 59 IRE 12, S1 - IRE Standards on Navigation Aids Direction Finder Measurements, 1959.pdf

1、59 IRE 12. S1 IRE STANDARDS ON NAVIGATION AIDS: DIRECTION FINDER MEASUREMENTS, 1959 Reprinted from the PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE VOL. 47, NO. 8, AUGUST, 1959 PRINTED IN THE U.S.A CORRECTION The following correction should be noted in “IRE Standards on Navigation Aids: Direction Finder Meas- urements, 1

2、959,” which appeared on pages 1349-1371 of the August, 1959, issue of PROCEEDINGS. Section 1.1.4.6, page 1358. The equation in this Sec- tion should be as follows: 1 Effective Height of Dipole of Rseries of Section 1.1.4.4 Dipole Cable Impedance Section 1.1.4.6 2 Field Strength of Section 1.1.4.5 Pi

3、ck Up Factor 3 (Meters) Field Strength of Section 1.1.4.1 IRE Standards on Navigation Aids: Direction Finder Measurements, 1959* 59 IRE 12. S1 COMMITTEE PERSONNEL Subcommittee on Standard DF Measurements 1954-1957 E. D. BLODGETT, Chairman J. KAPLAN, Vice-Chairman J. L. ALLISON, Secretaryt R. SILBERS

4、TEIN, Alternate Secretary A. D. Bailey J. J. Kelleher J. T. Lawrence J. A. Solga S. R. Thrift H. I. Butler F. M. Kratokvil H. R. Mirnno J. 0. Spriggs J. H. Trexler L. M. Harding A. A. Kunze W. M. Richardson C. A. Strorn H. W. VonDohlen Committee on Navigation Aids W. PALMER, Chairman 1957-1958 H. R.

5、 MIMNO, Chairman 1955-1957 H. I. METZ, Vice-Chairman 1957-1958 W. PALMER, Vice-Chairman 1955-1957 A. M. Casabona 1956-1958 R. E. Gray 1955-1957 H. I. Metz 1955-1957 A. G. Richardson 1955-1953 L. M. Sherer 1955-1957 Ad Hoc Subcommittee for the Review of the Proposed Standard on Navigation Aids : Dire

6、ction Finder Measurements J. G. KREER, JR., Chairman E. D. Blodgett J. H. Mulligan, Jr. Winslow Palmer Standards Committee 1957-1959 R. F. SHEA, Chairman 1958-1959 M. W. BALDWIN, JR., Chairman 1957-1958 J. G. KREER, JR., Vice-Chairman 1958-1959 C. H. PAGE, Vice-chairman 1957-1959 L. G. CUMMING, Vice

7、-Chairman 1957-1959 R. F. SHEA, Vice-Chairman 1957-1958 J. Avins 1957-1959 W. F. Bailey 1958-1959 M. W. Baldwin, Jr. 1958-1959 J. T. Bangert 1958-1959 W. R. Bennett 1957-1959 J. G. Brainerd 1957-1959 D. R. Brown 1957-1959 T. J. Carroll 1957-1959 P. S. Carter 1957-1959 A. G. Clavier 1957-1959 G. A. D

8、eschamps 1957-1959 D. S. Dewire 1957-1958 S. Doba, Jr. 1957-1959 J. E. Eiselein 1957-1958 P. Elias 1958-1959 G. A. Espersen 1957-1959 D. Frezzolini 1957-1959 E. A. Gerber 1957-1959 A. B. Glenn 1957-1959 H. Goldberg 1957-1958 V. M. Graham 1957-1959 R. A. Hackbusch 1957-1959 H. C. Hardy 1957-1958 D. E

9、. Harnett 1957-1958 R. T. Haviland 1958-1959 A. G. Jensen 1957-1959 I. Kerney 1957-1959 A. E. Kerwien 1958-1959 G. S. Ley 1958-1959 A. A. Macdonald 1957-1958 Wayne Mason 1957-1959 D. E. Maxwell 1957-1959 W. A. Lpch 1957-1958 J H. R. Mimno 1957-1959 E. Mittelrnann 1958-1959 L. H. Montgomery, Jr. 1957

10、-1959 G. A. Morton 1957-1959 R. C. Moyer 1958-1959 J. H. Mulligan, Jr. 1957-1959 W. Palmer 1957-1959 R. L. Pritchard 1957-1959 P. A. Redhead 1957-1959 R. Serrell 1957-1959 W. A. Shipman 1958-1959 H. R. Terhune 1957-1959 J. E. Ward 1957-1958 E. Weber 1957-1959 R. B. Wilcox 1958-1959 W. T. Wintringhar

11、n 1957-1959 Measurements Coordinator J. G. Kreer, Jr. 1958-1959 R. F. Shea 1957-1958 * Approved by the IRE Standards Committee, April 10, 1958. Reprints of this Standard, 59 IRE 12.S1, may be purchased while available from the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1 East 79 Street, New York, N. Y., at $1.00

12、 per copy. A 20 per cent discount will be allowed for 100 or more copies mailed to one address. t Deceased. 1350 PROCEEDINGS OF TI3E IRE I1 r1gust NOTE ON THE USE OF STANDARD FREQUENCY BAND DESIGNATIONS 111 the following Standard, reference is tii:idc to Fre- quciics- Rands 1,. number (c.g., sce paq

13、c 1354), For the benefit of the user who is not familiar with those band designations, a few words of historical backgroind a,: i explanation are in order. Attempts have been made to designate portioiis of the RF spectrum by such nomenclatures ;is “long wives,” “short vavcs” and similar i1;imes sinc

14、e radios early beginnings. One of the earliest c.1assifications vas adopted at the first CCIR meeting at ?he Hague ill 1929. In this system, the spectrum from below 100 Itc to above 30,000 Itc was divided into five bands: “low frequency , ” ni ed i u 111 frequency , ” in ed i u ni - h i gh fr e- qu

15、eric y ; ” ( high f req u eiic y ” ;i 11 d very- h i gh f r er1 u eiic y . ” At the ,-Itlaiitic City Radio Conference of 1947, a further modification was adopted as below: For example, for the 41- to 68-nic band, to which broadcast tisers give the reference “I,” the appropriate desigiiation is “broa

16、dcast band 8-1,” since it refers to a part of “bmd 8.” This practice, applicable in the drafting oi CCIR docunients, is generall. recoin- niencletl for all cases where such a definition voultl obviate the risk of confusion iii clesigiiatiiig the iiu- merous frequency bands and subbands. It is hoiied

17、 that the alove words oi explaiiatioii nil1 enable the reader to tr,inslnte readilT from one s.steiii to the other and further, will eventuall. result in yider use of the numerical references. -I ICE Standards Coin rn it t ee INTRODUCTION HE TERhI “Radio Direction Finding,” ;is used in these standar

18、ds, is ii procedure for determining the bearing, at ;I receiving point, of the source of ;I VLF LF 31 F 1-1 F .H F UIHF SHF EIIF (Very-low frequency) (Low frequency) ( 31 ed i 11 ni f req U e iic y ) (High frequency) (Ver),-high frequeiicy) (Ultra-high frequency) (Super-high frequency) (Extremely-hi

19、gh frequency) This usage has persisted to the present day, as evi- denced by frequent references to the “VHF” and “UHF” television bands. It has obvious disadvantages in that the designations are qualitative, ambiguous, and not extendable without coining new terms which add to the potential confusio

20、n. Realizing the limitations of the above system, the CCIR, meeting in London and Warsaw (in 1953 and 1956) adopted a number designation system, based on CCIR Recommendation No. 225. The following tahle and notes are taken from this Recommendation : Frequency Range : a tixed displacement of the indi

21、cator scale. Bearing Error Curve (DF Equipment). A plot of the Instrumental Bearing Errors vs Indicated Bearings. Bearing Error Curve (DF Installation). A plot of the combined Instrumental Bearing Error (DE Equipment) and site error vs Indicated Bearings. Bearing Offset, Indicated. The difference be

22、tween the indicated and apparent bearings of a number of signal sources, substantially uniformly distributed in azimuth. Bearing Reciprocal (in Direction Finding). The opposite direction to a bearing. Blur (in Null-Type DF Systems). 111 null-type systems, the output (including noise) at the bearing

23、of minimum response expressed as a percentage of the output at the bearing of maximum response. DF Antenna. A DF Antenna may consist of a single loop, orthogonal loops, spaced differentially-connected dipoles or Adcock antennas, or any other antenna com- bination included in a Direction Finder for o

24、btaining a phase or amplitude reference with respect to the re- ceived signal. DF Antenna System. One or more DF Antennas, their combining circuits and feeder systems, together with the shielding and all electrical and mechanical items up to the termination at the receiver input terminals. DF Dummy

25、Antenna. An electrical network that simu- lates the impedance characteristics of the DF Antenna. DF Dummy Antenna System. Ai electrical network which simulates the impedance characteristics of the DF Antenna System. Note: When a signal generator is used to excite a DF Dummy Antenna or DF Dummy Anten

26、na Sys- tem, the generator impedance must be considered in the design of the Dummy. DF Noise Level. In the absence of the desired signals, the average power or rms voltage at any specified point in a Direction Finder System. Note: In RE and audio channels, the Noise Leziel, DF is usually measured in

27、 terms of the power dissi- pated in a suitable termination. In a video channel, it is customarily measured in terms of voltage across a given impedance, or of the cathode-ras- deflection. Null. In directioii finding systems wherein the output amplitude is pe of wave-meter equipped with a thermocoupl

28、e ineter. The change in transmitter output may be ob- tained from the meter. The type of meter should be noted to determine whether the meter indications are proportional to the power or to the current. 2. SCREEN ROOM L TIIANSMISSION LINE FOR DF TESTING A laboratory method of simulating, in a shield

29、ed room, a radiated field having vertical polarization and 1354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE IRE Ailgust SHIELDED TEST SOLDER TO INSULATED SHIELD OVER INSULATED DT LESS THAN 3 OOP DIAMETERS) GROUND SIDE OF SIGNAL GENERATOR TO BE CONNECTED TO DOWN LEAD SHIELD a TEST LOOP CABLE OUTLINE OF AD J USTA B LE Fig. 1-

30、Shieldcd tr,inimissioii line CEILING 420.- , w-rr-II 410 400 390 380 370 360 3 50 340 330 320 310 ni s TAN c E “ D “ I N c H E s 1 controllable properties of strength is of considerable value in the measurement of Direction Finders, which are suficiently compact to be tested in the shielded room. Th

31、e setup to be described will furnish ;I field of known direction and strength, at all frequencies in general up to Band 6.2 This setup may also be arranged to provide voltage of proper ph,ise and amplitude to circuits (in the DF) used for Sense and Balance purposes. 2.1 Installation The details of t

32、he test installation are shown by Figs. 1 and 2. 2.2 Calibration The calibration consists of the determination of a relatioiiship between the input voltage from the signal generator to the test line and the field produced at the position chosen for the loop. The relationship is the line constant K.

33、K (meters) = E/F (1) Alternative methods of known reliability may be employed. This method fails at higher frequencies due to standing-wave effects in the shielded room and parasitic impedance in the measuring circuits. The method can be extended to higher frequencies by taking these effects into account. but such corrections are not described in this standard. Fig. 2-Terminating resistance for test line.