IEEE 656-1992 - IEEE Standard for the Measurement of Audible Noise from Overhead Transmission Lines.pdf

1、IEEE Std 656-1992 (R2006)IEEE Standard for the Measurementof Audible Noise From Overhead Transmission LinesSponsorTransmission and Distribution Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyReaffirmed 14 September 2006Approved 17 September 1992IEEE-SA Standards BoardAbstract: Uniform procedures are e

2、stablished for manual and automatic measurement of audiblenoise from overhead transmission lines. Their purpose is to allow valid evaluation and comparisonof the audible noise performance of various overhead lines. Definitions are provided, and instru-ments are specified. Measurement procedures are

3、set forth, and precautions are given. Supportingdata that should accompany the measurement data are specified, and methods for presenting thelatter are described.Keywords: audible noise, overhead transmission linesThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY

4、 10016-5997, USACopyright 1992 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1992 Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 1-55937-274-5No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without

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13、uests for interpretations should beaddressed to:Secretary, IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAIEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers without regard to whether their adoption mayinvolve patents on articles, m

14、aterials, or processes. Such adoption doesnot assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obli-gation whatever to parties adopting the standards documents.Foreword(This foreword is not a part of IEEE Std 656-1992, IEEE Standard for the Measurement of Audible Noise FromOverhead T

15、ransmission Lines.)This standard is the result of several years of effort by the Corona Effects Working Groupand its predecessor, the Audible Noise Working Group, of the Corona and Field Effects Sub-committee of the Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power EngineeringSociety. This s

16、tandard is the direct outgrowth of a report that was prepared by a task force ofthe subcommittee and published as “IEEE Committee Report, Measurement of Audible NoiseFrom Transmission Lines,” IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-100, no. 3, Mar. 1981, pp. 1440-1452. The report

17、is recommended as a tutorial for this stan-dard. The 1992 revision of this standard incorporates minor revisions, based upon application ofthis standard, and a new appendix that contains the results of work by the PsychoacousticsTask Force on definitions of instrumentation for psychoacoustic testing

18、.At the time that this standard was approved, the Corona Effects Working Group had the fol-lowing membership:J. R. Stewart, ChairG. K. Bell W. Janischewskyj R. G. OlsenH. Bhai G. B. Johnson M. PolandR. Carberry N. Kolcio A. PorrinoV. L. Chartier V. J. Longo W. R. SchlingerB. Clairmont R. C. Madge P.

19、 SeitzF. M. Dietrich P. S. Maruvada G. A. StewartG. Gela T. J. McDermott K. TanabeG. K. Hatanaka F. W. WarburtonJ. E. Hudson P. S. WongThe following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this standard for sub-mission to the IEEE Standards Board:J. J. Burke G. Karady F. D. MyersV. L.

20、Chartier N. Kolcio D. L. NickelG. A. Davidson H. Lam S. L. NilssonC. C. Diemond K. E. Lindsey R. G. OswaldD. A. Gillies J. H. Mallory W. E. ReidI. S. Grant T. J. McDermott M. SforziniJ. G. Kappenman B. R. ShperlingWhen the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on Septamber 17, 1992, it had the

21、following membership:Marco W. Migliaro, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice ChairAndrew G. Salem, SecretaryDennis Bodson Donald N. Heirman T. Don Michael*Paul L. Borrill Ben C. Johnson John L. RankineClyde Camp Walter J. Karplus Wallace S. ReadDonald C. Fleckenstein Ivor N. Knight Ronald H. ReimerJay Fors

22、ter* Joseph Koepfinger* Gary S. RobinsonDavid F. Franklin Irving Kolodny Martin V. SchneiderRamiro Garcia D. N. “Jim” Logothetis Terrance R. WhittemoreThomas L. Hannan Lawrence V. McCall Donald W. Zipse*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K.

23、AggarwalJames BeallRichard B. EngelmanDavid E. SoffrinStanley WarshawAdam SickerIEEE Standards Project EditorContentsSECTION PAGE1. Purpose and Scope 72. References 73. Definitions . 84. Instruments. 94.1 Sound-Level Meters 94.2 Microphones 104.3 Microphone Protective Devices. 104.4 Frequency Analyz

24、ers. 104.5 Recorders . 104.6 Community-Noise Analyzers 105. Measurement Procedures . 105.1 Short-Term Manual Surveys 115.2 Long-Term Automatic Surveys 146. Measurement Precautions 146.1 Weather Protection of System 146.2 Ambient-Noise Intrusions. 156.3 Alternating Electric and Magnetic Fields 156.4

25、Measurements Near DC Transmission Lines . 157. Supporting Data 157.1 General Information . 157.2 Meteorological Information 167.3 Short-Term Manual Measurements. 167.4 Long-Term Automatic Measurements . 168. Data Presentation . 168.1 Short-Term Manual Measurement Data . 168.2 Long-Term Measurment Da

26、ta 16FIGURESFig 1 Free-Field Microphone Orientation. 11Fig 2 Pressure Microphone Orientation . 11Fig 3 Random-Incidence Microphone Orientation . 12Fig 4 Form A Audible Noise Data Sheet 17Fig 5 Example of Frequency Spectrum of AC Transmission-Line Audible Noise in Rain. 18Fig 6 Example of Audible-Noi

27、se Lateral Profile. 18Fig 7 Example of Cumulative Distribution Curves of Transmission-Line Noise Data 19Fig 8 Example of Plots of Frequncy-Spectrum Exceedance Levels of Transmission-Line Noise . 20APPENDIXES PAGEAppendix A Recording Requirements Transmission-Line Audible-Noise Sounds . 21A1. Introdu

28、ction 21A2. Minimum Requirements 21A3. System Performance Requirements 22A4. Operational Requirements 237IEEE Standard for the Measurement of Audible Noise From Overhead Transmission Lines1. Purpose and Scope1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this standard is to establish uniform procedures for the mea-sur

29、ement of audible noise from overhead transmission lines, using instrumentation that con-forms to ANSI S1.4-1983 11, ANSI S1.6-1984 2, ANSI/SAE J184-1987 4, IEC 651 (1979)5, and IEEE Std 539-1990 7. A uniform procedure is a prerequisite to valid evaluation andcomparisons of the audible-noise performa

30、nce of various overhead power transmission lines. 1.2 Scope. This standard covers manual and automatic audible-noise measurements fromoverhead power transmission lines.2. References1 ANSI S1.4-1983, American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters.22 ANSI S1.6-1984 (Reaff 1990), Ameri

31、can National Standard Preferred Frequencies, Fre-quency Levels, and Band Numbers for Acoustical Measurements.3 ANSI S1.11-1986, American National Standard Specifications for Octave-Band and Frac-tional Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters.4 ANSI/SAE J184-1987, Qualifying a Sound Data Acquisition S

32、ystem. 5 IEC 651 (1979), Sound level meters.36 IEEE Std 100-1990, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and ElectronicsTerms.47 IEEE Std 539-1990, IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to Corona and FieldEffects of Overhead Power Lines (ANSI).1The numbers in brackets correspond to tho

33、se of the references in Section 2.2ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.3IEC publications are available from the IEC Sales Department, Case Postale 131, 3 rue de Varemb, CH 1211,Genve

34、 20, Switzerland, Suisse. IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department,American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.4IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Se

35、rvice Center, 445Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA.IEEEStd 656-1992 IEEE STANDARD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF AUDIBLE83. DefinitionsThe following definitions are used in this standard. For additional definitions, see IEEE Std100-1990 6 and IEEE Std 539-1990 7. day-night sound level

36、 (Ldn). The Ldnrating is the average A-weighted sound level, in deci-bels, integrated over a 24 h period. A 10 db(A) penalty is applied to all sound occuring between10 P.M. and 7 A.M.NOTES: (1) Ldnis intended to improve upon the Leqrating by adding a correction for nighttime noise intrusionsbecause

37、people are more sensitive to such intrusions.(2) The Ldncan be derived from daytime and nighttime Leqvalues as follows:whereLd=The Leqfor the 15 daytime hoursLn=The Leqfor the 9 nighttime hours(3) The purpose of Ldnis to provide a single-number measure of time-carrying noise for a specific time peri

38、od (24 h).energy-equivalent sound level (Leq). The average of the sound energy level (usually A-weighted) of a varying sound over a specified period of time.NOTES: (1) The simplest and most popular method for rating intermittent or fluctuating noise intrusions is to relyupon some measure of the aver

39、age sound-level magnitude over time. The most common such average is the equiva-lent sound level, Leq, expressed in decibels.(2) The term “equivalent” signifies that a steady sound having the same level as the Leqwould have the same soundenergy as the fluctuating sound. The term “energy” is used bec

40、ause the sound amplitude is averaged on an rms-pres-sure-squared basis, and the square of the pressure is proportional to energy. For example, two sounds, one of whichcontains 24 times as much energy as the other but lasts for 1 h instead of 24 h, would have the same energy-equiva-lent sound level.(

41、3) Mathematically, the equivalent sound level is defined aswherep(t) = The time-varying A-weighted sound level, in Papref= The reference pressure, 20 Pa(t2 t1)= The time period of interestIf the cumulative probability distribution of a noise is known, then Leqcan be estimated bywherePx, Px-1= Select

42、ed adjacent steps along the probability scale, expressed in percent (%)Lx= The highest noise level in each stepx = The step numbern = The total number of stepsfree-field microphone. A microphone that has been designed to have a flat frequencyresponse to sound waves arriving with perpendicular incide

43、nce (i.e., straight at the micro-phone).frequency spectrum. The distribution of the amplitude (and sometimes the phase) of thefrequency components of a signal, as a function of frequency.Ldn10124-15 antilogLd10- 9 antilogLd10+10-+log=Leq101t2t1()-p2t()p2ref-dtt1t2log=Leq101100- PxPx 1()antilogLx10-0

44、nlog=IEEENOISE FROM OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Std 656-19929insertion loss. The difference, in decibels, between the sound pressure level of a component(e.g., windscreen) measured before the insertion of the component and the sound pressurelevel measured after the insertion of the component (provid

45、ed that the source of the noiseremains unchanged).octave band, one-third octave band. The integrated sound pressure level of all compo-nents in a frequency band corresponding to a specified octave.NOTE: The location of an octave band pressure level on a frequency scale, fo, is usually specified as t

46、he geometricmean of the upper and lower frequencies of the octave. The lower frequency of the octave band is fo/ and the upperfrequency is ( )fo. A third-octave band extends from a lower frequency fo/6to an upper frequency of (6)fo.random-incidence microphone. A microphone that has been designed to

47、have a flat fre-quency response in a diffuse sound field in which sound waves are arriving equally from alldirections.statistical descriptors (exceedance levels, L-levels). Many sounds have sound-pressurelevels that are not constant in time and cannot, without qualification, be adequately charac-ter

48、ized by a single value of sound level. One method for dealing with fluctuating or intermit-tent sounds is to examine the sound level statistically as a function of time.Statistical descriptors are often applied to A-weighted sound levels. They are called exceed-ance levels or L-levels. For example,

49、the L10is the A-weighted sound level exceeded for 10% ofthe time over a specified time period. The other 90% of the time, the sound level is less thanthe L10. Similarly, the L50is the sound level exceeded 50% of the time; the L90is the soundlevel exceeded 90% of the time; etc.weighted sound level. A-weighted sound-pressure level, obtained by the use of meteringcharacteristics and the weightings A, B, C, or D specified in ANSI S1.4-1983 1. The weight-ings employed must always