ASTM D6883-17 Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Stationary Coal from Railroad Cars, Barges, Trucks, or Stockpiles.pdf

1、Designation: D6883 17Standard Practice forManual Sampling of Stationary Coal from Railroad Cars,Barges, Trucks, or Stockpiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision

2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining a manualgross sample from beneath the surface of coal in r

3、ailroad cars,barges, trucks, or stockpiles. These procedures are to be used toprovide gross samples for estimating the quality of the coal.The gross samples are to be crushed, divided, and furtherprepared for analysis in accordance with Practice D2013.1.2 This practice provides instruction for sampl

4、ing beneaththe exposed surface coal to a depth of approximately 61 cm (24in.). Collect samples at this depth to get below the surface ofthe material, since drying and oxidation may have occurred at,or near the surface. Changes in moisture, in particle size, andin other properties continue to occur d

5、eeper in the coal and,although not as drastic as near the surface, will cause themethod to be biased. The user should review the conditions ofthe coal (weather conditions, prior transport, settling time, andso forth, see 8.1) so that the interested parties can agree thatpotential biases are not over

6、ly great or that some adjustment inspecifications is warranted. Sample increments collected fromthe surface layer(s) of coal in railroad cars, barges, or stock-piles are classified condition “D” (see Practice D2234/D2234M, Increment Collection Classification). It is a goodpractice to require that “d

7、etails of sampling procedure shall beagreed upon in advance by all parties concerned” whenevercollection of sample increments falls under condition “D.” Thispractice offers a sampling procedure that parties may use tomeet requirements of Practice D2234/D2234M for condition“D.” The practice does not

8、produce samples that satisfyprecision requirements of Practice D2234/D2234M general-purpose sampling, or Practice D2234/D2234M special-purposesampling.1.3 The user is cautioned that samples of this type do notsatisfy the minimum requirements for probability sampling andas such cannot be used to draw

9、 statistical inferences such asprecision, standard error, or bias.1.4 This sampling method is intended for use only whensampling by more reliable methods that provide a probabilitysample is not possible.1.5 The quantities stated in either acceptable SI units or ininch-pound units are regarded separa

10、tely as standard. Thequantities stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,without combining quantities in any way.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th

11、eresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, environmental practices and determinethe applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-iza

12、tion established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD2013 Practice for P

13、reparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeD4916 Practice for MechanicalAuger Sampling (Withdrawn2008)3E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE177 Pract

14、ice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal andCoke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.23 on Sampling.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2017.

15、 Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D688304(2012).DOI: 10.1520/D6883-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informa

16、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was d

17、eveloped in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3

18、.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consignment, na discrete amount of coal, such as ashipment, a carload, a unit train, or a days production. Aconsignment may include more than one lot of coal and maycorrespond to a specific period of time such as sampling periodor billing period.3.1.2 particle segregation, nthe

19、segregation of sized par-ticles to specific areas as a result of the particles rolling, falling,or sliding down the sides of a pile or a result of the peculiaritiesof a coal handling system used to build the pile. Particlesegregation is a process of separation, not exclusively by size,but by size, s

20、hape, and density.3.1.3 stockpile, nmaterial stored or reserved in a stackedpile or heap.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Use of this practice is limited to manual collection ofsample increments from beneath the surface layer(s) of station-ary coal from railroad cars, barges, trucks, or stockpiles for thep

21、urpose of acquiring a gross sample.5. Significance and Use5.1 These guidelines provide procedures for manually col-lecting gross samples from beneath the exposed surface of coalin railroad cars, barges, trucks, or stockpiles taking intoaccount the wide variety of conditions that may be encoun-tered.

22、 The samples are further processed for the laboratory toprovide estimations of the coal quality. The use of this practiceis conditional upon agreement among all interested partiesconcerning all relevant details of sample collection beforesampling begins. These include, but are not limited to: lot si

23、ze;number and mass of increments; the size, shape, and manipu-lation of the increment collection devices; location of incre-ment collection site or sites; circumstances under whichincrements are not to be collected or suspended; and safetyprecautions. It is preferable that such agreements be in writ

24、ing.The user is cautioned that samples so obtained do not representmaterial below the point of penetration.6. Hazards6.1 WarningStockpile sampling involves exposure tohazardous operations, conditions, and equipment.Awareness topersonnel safety cannot be overemphasized. Personnel mayrequire approved

25、federal and/or state safety training beforetaking part in field sampling. Site-specific safety regulationsmust be observed. This includes personnel wearing all speci-fied personal protection equipment. The general safety precau-tions necessary when working around moving equipment mustbe observed. Sa

26、mpling technicians must never work in coalthat is piled or in railroad cars over hoppers and/or feeders orwhere there is the possibility of the coal being eroded frombeneath them. Sampling should never be performed near a faceof a stockpile where the face extends upward at an anglegreater than the a

27、ngle of repose of the coal.7. Procedure7.1 ObservationsBefore sampling a lot of coal using thismethod, perform a visual inspection for particle distributionand possible particle segregation within the stockpile. Notesshould be made on the sampling log to reflect these observa-tions. These notes coul

28、d be useful in understanding differencesof analytical test results or in identifying changes in stockpilingcharacteristics. The approximate top size of the coal on thesurface layer should be estimated in this step.7.2 Lot SizeAll interested parties should agree to the sizeof the lot to be represente

29、d by one gross sample beforesampling begins.7.3 Weight of IncrementsIncrement weights are to beequal to, or in excess of, those contained in Table 2 of PracticeD2234/D2234M. All increments should be of approximatelyequal mass.7.4 Number of IncrementsMeaningful levels of precisioncannot be obtained w

30、ith the methods described herein. Deter-mine the number of increments to be collected for one grosssample using Eq 1. Fewer increments are permissible if agreedupon in advance. Since meaningful levels of precision cannotbe obtained for these samples, any multiplier can be consideredvalid in place of

31、 the number 35 in Eq 1 if agreed upon by theparties concerned.N 5 35total lot size Mg or tons!908 Mg or 1000 tons(1)where:N = number of increments.7.5 Increment CollectionCollect increments from a depthof approximately 61 cm (24 in.), on top of conveyances,around the base of the stockpile, and up th

32、e slopes of the pile.The angles of the sides of the holes should be less than theangle of repose. Place the coal that is removed from the holesaway from the sampling area. Remove the increment from thebottom of the hole and place it into the container. Avoid anyspillage.7.5.1 The pattern of incremen

33、t placement can be dependentupon the size and number of conveyances or height and shapeof the stockpile. Space the increments over the surface of thecoal so that each increment will represent equally sized areas.This will require different spacing of increments as the size andnumber of conveyances o

34、r the profile of the pile changes. TheAppendix contains a discussion of pattern selection for collec-tion of increments from coal in conveyances.7.5.2 As increments are collected, protect them from con-tamination and moisture change. Place the increments inplastic-lined canvas bags, metal drums with

35、 plastic liners,plastic buckets with airtight lids, or other moisture imperviouscontainers. Each sample must be clearly identified. Place amoisture-proof identification tag inside the sample containerand attach another securely on the outside of the samplecontainer. Sample identification shall inclu

36、de the samplingtechnicians initials, the date, the location, weather conditions,the number of increments, and the sampling method used. Thisinformation will become part of the analytical report. OtherD6883 172notes or pertinent information can be recorded in the samplinglog (see Section 8). This inf

37、ormation may or may not be in thereport, but it shall be retained as a part of the laboratory record.7.6 Collection DevicesThe estimated top size of the coalascertained in 7.1 should be used to determine the opening sizeof the increment collection device. It should be a minimum of3 times the top siz

38、e of the coal. Types and dimensions ofsampling implements should be agreed upon by all interestedparties before commencement of sampling. A common flat,square shovel with the two sides and the back built up withmetal plates which are at least 10 cm (4 in.) high is a devicethat is commonly used to ob

39、tain manual samples See Fig. 1.7.6.1 There are occasions when the use of an unloadingdevice can expose multiple faces and increase the access tomaterial for sampling. One example is to use heavy equipment,such as an end loader, to remove outside material of a stockpilethus allowing increments to be

40、taken from a freshly exposedface. A second example is to have the end loader bucketremove primary increments from a stockpile and then manuallysubsample each increment with a manual sampling implement(see Fig. 1). A third example is to have a clamshell bucketremove primary increments from a barge an

41、d then manuallysubsample each increment.7.6.2 Use of mechanical equipment such as auger samplersand core drill rigs are not in the scope of this procedure and areaddressed by other guides (Practice D4916) or working papers.7.7 In extremely cold weather, coal can become frozen onthe surface as well a

42、s inside the stockpiles. It is preferable notto collect increments manually from frozen coal. Wait until itthaws. If sampling is necessary while coal is frozen, make noteof the coals condition when it was sampled. It will beextremely difficult or even impossible to collect incrementsproperly.8. Samp

43、ling Log8.1 Sampling technicians should keep a written log. Asampling log contains sample identification and also notationsof conditions encountered during increment collection. Entriesto be noted include, but are not limited to: size of stockpile,number of railroad cars, barges, trucks or size segr

44、egationpatterns, general configuration of stockpile, compaction ofstockpile, perimeter conditions of pile, degree ofcontamination, the visual appearance of the material, date, andweather conditions.8.2 Any modifications to a sampling plan should be dis-cussed with the interested parties, if possible

45、. Any changes tothe agreed upon sampling plan are to be documented on thesampling log. If it is not possible or feasible to discussmodifications, both the fact that discussion was not possible,and the actual modifications that were made, are to bedocumented on the sampling log.9. Personnel9.1 Sampli

46、ng technicians using this practice should beinstructed in the particular manual sampling practice agreedupon.9.2 Field situations often dictate on-site modifications ofsampling plans. Modifications of a sampling plan should bemade only by personnel with an understanding of and a senseFIG. 1 Commonly

47、 Used Manual Sampling ImplementsD6883 173of responsibility for the potential effects that the deviations willhave on the sample being taken.10. Precision and Bias10.1 The samples obtained using this practice are non-probability samples and as such they cannot be used tocalculate meaningful statistic

48、al inferences such as the levels ofprecision and bias. The user of this practice is referred toPractice E105 for further information concerning probabilitysampling of materials.11. Keywords11.1 barges; manual sampling; rail cars; railroad cars; stock-pilesAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SAMP

49、LING PATTERN SELECTIONX1.1 Increment PositionsX1.1.1 Sampling pattern and increment placement shouldbe agreed upon by all concerned parties. To determine potentialpositions of increments, use of one of the following options isrecommended:X1.1.2 Option 1Divide the conveyance length into asmany equal sections as the required number of increments anddivide the width into three or more equal sections, dependingon the required number of increments per lot. An imaginarygrid is formed dividing the surface of the coal into equalrectangular sections which are the potential p