ASTM D4439 - 17 Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics.pdf

1、Designation: D4439 17Standard Terminology forGeosynthetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the

2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile orSoil/Geotextile Filt

3、ersD4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and RolledErosion Control Products (RECPs) for TestingD4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability ofGeotextiles by PermittivityD4533/D4533M Test Method for Trapezoid TearingStrength of GeotextilesD4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of Temperature

4、 onStability of GeotextilesD4595 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles bythe Wide-Width Strip MethodD4632/D4632M Test Method for Grab Breaking Load andElongation of GeotextilesD4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane)Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivityof a

5、 Geosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD4751 Test Methods for Determining Apparent OpeningSize of a GeotextileD4759 Practice for Determining the Specification Confor-mance of GeosyntheticsD4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistanceof Geomembranes and Related ProductsD4873 Guide for Identifica

6、tion, Storage, and Handling ofGeosynthetic Rolls and SamplesD4884/D4884M Test Method for Strength of Sewn orBonded Seams of GeotextilesD4885 Test Method for Determining Performance Strengthof Geomembranes by the Wide Strip Tensile MethodD5101 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-ibility o

7、f Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5141 Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency andFlow Rate of the Filtration Component of a SedimentRetention DeviceD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined TensionCreep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Proced

8、ures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiquidsD5323 Practice for Determination of 2 % Secant Modulusfor Polyethylene GeomembranesD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-stant Tensile Load TestD5494 Test Method f

9、or the Determination of Pyramid Punc-ture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomem-branesD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsD5514/D5514M Test Method for Large Scale HydrostaticPuncture Testing of GeosyntheticsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio(HCR) T

10、esting of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD5594 Test Method for Determination of the Vinyl AcetateContent of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymers byFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)D5617 Test Method for Multi-Axial Tension Test for Geo-syntheticsD5641 Practice for Geomembrane Seam Evaluation

11、 byVacuum ChamberD5747/D5747M Practice for Tests to Evaluate the ChemicalResistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsD5818 Practice for Exposure and Retrieval of Samples toEvaluate Installation Damage of GeosyntheticsD5820 Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation ofDual Seamed GeomembranesD5994/D599

12、4M Test Method for Measuring Core Thicknessof Textured Geomembranes1.2 Federal Standard:3Federal Standard 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitchings1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is thedirect responsibility of D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition app

13、roved Aug. 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4439 15a. DOI:10.1520/D4439-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards

14、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194

15、28-2959. United States12. Terminologyabsorption, nthe process by which a liquid is drawn into andtends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, theincrease in mass of a porous solid body resulting frompenetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C125aerobic, na condition in which a

16、 measurable volume of air ispresent in the incubation chamber or system. D1987anaerobic, na condition in which no measurable volume ofair is present in the incubation chamber or system. D1987apparent opening size (AOS),O95, nfor a geotextile, aproperty which indicates the approximate largest particl

17、ethat would effectively pass through the geotextile. D4751atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair maintained at arelative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of21 6 2 C (70 6 4 F). D4439, D4751, D5494back flushing, na process by which liquid is forced in thereverse direction to the flow

18、 direction. D1987basis weightdeprecated term (do not use in the sense ofmass per unit area). D4439bend, vtin mechanics, to force an object from its natural ormanufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature.D4439biocide, na chemical used to kill bacteria and othermicroorganisms. D1987bitu

19、minous geosynthetic barrier (GBR-B), nfactory-produced structure of geosynthetic materials in the form of asheet in which the barrier function is fulfilled by bitumen.blinding, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesblock the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducingthe hydraulic

20、 conductivity of the system. D4439breaking force, (F), J, nthe force at failure. D4885breaking load, nthe maximum force applied to a specimenin a tensile test carried to rupture. D4632/D4632Mbreaking toughness, T, (FL1), Jm2, nfor geotextiles, theactual work-to-break per unit surface area of materia

21、l.D4595, D4885chemical resistance, nthe ability to resist chemical attack.D5322clogging, nfor geotextiles, the condition where soil particlesmove into and are retained in the openings of the fabric,thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D4439clogging potential, nin geotextiles, the tendency fo

22、r a givengeotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles thathave either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built upa restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D5101compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), nthickness under aspecified stress applied normal to the material. D4439c

23、onstant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), natesting machine in which the rate of increase of the loadbeing applied to the specimen is uniform with time after thefirst 3 s. D4439corresponding force, nsynonym for force at specifiedelongation. D4885coupon, na portion of a material or laborato

24、ry sample fromwhich multiple specimens can be taken for testing.D5747/D5747Mcreep, nthe time-dependent increase in accumulative strainin a material resulting from an applied constant force. D5262critical height (ch), nthe maximum exposed height of a coneor pyramid that will not cause a puncture fail

25、ure of ageosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a givenperiod of time. D5514/D5514Mcross-machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of thefabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.D4632/D4632Mdensity (, (ML3), kg/m3), nmass per unit volume. D4439design loadthe load at whi

26、ch the geosynthetic is required tooperate in order to perform its intended function. D5262elastic limit, nin mechanics, the stress intensity at whichstress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress withinwhich a material will return

27、 to its original size and shapewhen the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.D4885elongation at break, nthe elongation corresponding to thebreaking load, that is, the maximum load. D4632/D4632Mfailure, nan arbitrary point beyond which a material ceasesto be functionally capable of its in

28、tended use. D4885, D5262failure, nin testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in thetest vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D5514/D5514Mfield testing, ntesting performed in the field under actualconditions of temperature and exposure to the fluids forwhich the immersion testing is being perf

29、ormed. D5496filldeprecated term, see filling.filling, nyarn running from selvage to selvage at right anglesto the warp in a woven fabric. D4439flexible polypropylene, na material having a 2 % secantmodulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined byPractice D5323 produced by polymerization of

30、 propylenewith or without other alpha olefin monomers.force at specific elongation, FASE, nthe force associatedwith a specific elongation on the force-elongation curve.D4439force-elongation curve, nin a tensile test, a graphicalrepresentation of the relationship between the magnitude ofan externally

31、 applied force and the change in length of theD4439 172specimen in the direction of the applied force. (Synonym forstress-strain curve.) D4885geocomposite, na product composed of two or morematerials, at least one of which is a geosynthetic.geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foamed polymericma

32、terial used in geotechnical engineering applications.geogrid, na geosynthetic formed by a regular network ofintegrally connected elements with apertures greater than6.35 mm (14 in.) to allow interlocking with surrounding soil,rock, earth, and other surrounding materials to functionprimarily as reinf

33、orcement. D5262geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geosyntheticcomposed of one or more synthetic sheets. D4439,D4873, D4885, D5994/D5994M, D5820geonet, na geosynthetic consisting of integrally connectedparallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various anglesfor planar drainage of liquids

34、or gases. D4439geostrippolymeric material in the form of a strip of widthnot more than 200 mm (7.87 in.), used in contact with soil orother materials in geotechnical and civil engineeringapplications, or both.geosynthetic, na planar product manufactured from poly-meric material used with soil, rock,

35、 earth, or other geotech-nical engineering related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system. D4354, D4759,D4873, D5617, D5818geosynthetic barrierlow-permeability geosyntheticmaterial, used in geotechnical and civil engineering applica-tions with the purpose of reducing

36、 or preventing the flow offluid through the construction.geosynthetic cementitious composite mat (GCCM), nafactory-assembled geosynthetic composite consisting of acementitious material contained within layer or layers ofgeosynthetic materials that becomes hardened when hy-drated.geosynthetic clay li

37、ner, na manufactured hydraulic barrierconsisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosyntheticmaterials.geotechnical engineering, nthe engineering application ofgeotechnics. D4439, D4595geotechnics, nthe application of scientific methods andengineering principles to the acquisition, interpreta

38、tion, anduse of knowledge of materials of the earths crust to thesolution of engineering problems. D4439, D4491/D4491M,D4595, D4716/D4716M, D4751geotextile, na permeable geosynthetic comprised solely oftextiles.DISCUSSIONGeotextiles perform several functions in geotechnicalengineering applications,

39、including: separation, filtration, drainage,reinforcement, and protection. D1987, D4439, D5594grab test, nin fabric testing, a tension test in which only apart of the width of the specimen is gripped in the clamps.D4632/D4632Mgradient ratio, nin geotextiles, the ratio of the hydraulicgradient throug

40、h a soil-geotextile system to the hydraulicgradient through the soil alone. D5101gravity flow, nflow in a direction parallel to the plane of ageotextile or related product driven predominately by adifference in elevation between the inlet and outflow pointsof a specimen. D4716/D4716Mhead, npressure

41、at a point in a liquid, expressed in terms ofthe vertical distance of the point below the surface of theliquid. D4716/D4716Mhydraulic conductivity (k), nthe rate of discharge of waterunder laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectionalarea of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient a

42、ndstandard temperature conditions (20 C). D5567hydraulic conductivity ratio (HCR), nthe ratio of thehydraulic conductivty of the soil/geotextile system, ksg,atany time during the test, to the initial hydraulic conductivity,ksgo, measured at the beginning of the test (NEW).hydraulic gradient, i, s (D

43、)the loss of hydraulic head perunit distance of flow, dH/dL. D5101hydraulic transmissivity, (L2T1), nfor a geotextile orrelated product, the volumetric flow rate of water per unitwidth of specimen per unit gradient in a direction parallel tothe plane of the specimen. D4716/D4716Mhydrostatic pressure

44、, na state of stress in which all theprincipal stresses are equal (and there is no shear stress), asin a liquid at rest; induced artificially by means of a gagedpressure system; the product of the unit weight of the liquidand the difference in elevation between the given point andthe free water elev

45、ation. D5514/D5514Mindex test, na test procedure which may contain a knownbias but which may be used to establish an order for a set ofspecimens with respect to the property of interest.D4833/D4833M, D4885inflection point, nthe first point of the force-elongationcurve at which the second derivative

46、equals zero. D4885initial tensile modulus, Jp(FL1), Nm1, nfor geosynthetics,the ratio of the change in force per unit width to the changein elongation of the initial portion of a force-elongationcurve. D4885in-plane flow, nfluid flow confined to a direction parallel tothe plane of a geotextile or re

47、lated product. D4716/D4716Mintegral, adjin geosynthetics, forming a necessary part of thewhole; constituent. D4439laboratory sample, na portion of material taken to representthe lot sample, or the original material, and used in thelaboratory as a source of test specimens. D4354D4439 173laminar flow,

48、 nflow in which the head loss is proportional tothe first power of the velocity. D4716/D4716Mlinear density, nmass per unit length; the quotient obtainedby dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.lot, na unit of production, or a group of other units orpackages, taken for sampling or stati

49、stical examination,having one or more common properties and being readilyseparable from other similar units. D4354lot sample, none or more shipping units taken at random torepresent an acceptance sampling lot and used as a source oflaboratory samples. D4354machine direction, nthe direction in the plane of the fabricparallel to the direction of manufacture. D4632/D4632Mminimum average roll value (MARV), nfor geosynthetics,a manufacturing quality control tool used to allow manufac-turers to establ