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1、PDSC Faculty Research and Collaboration Workshop Series http:/www.library.kent.edu/PDSC_FRCW_Session_1,Session 1: “Ive got a great idea for a study.“ In this session, we will explore choosing research methods, developing research questions/hypotheses.,1,“Ive got a great idea for a study” Overview,Fr

2、amework for choosing research methods Research Paradigms Inductive and Deductive Research Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Evaluating and Selecting Library & Information Science Research Methods Introduction to types of LIS research Identifying Research Questions & Hypotheses Defining Te

3、rms Types of Hypotheses Evaluating Hypotheses & Research Questions,2,Framework for choosing research methods: Research Paradigms,Research Paradigms (adapted from Creswell, 2003) Post-positivist Constructivist / Deconstructionist Advocacy / Participatory Pragmatic,3,Postivism and Postpositivism Knowl

4、edge Claims (Adapted from Creswell, 2003),ThinkersPopper, Newton, Comte, Mill Key Points Reality/Meaning can be modeled. Seek to replicate and test models. New model can replace old model if it is has more predictive/explanatory power. Tends to quantitative and more in line with physical science def

5、inition of science.,4,Constructivism and Interpretivism Knowledge Claims (Adapted from Creswell, 2003),Thinkers Vygotsky, Piaget, Lincoln & Guba, and Mertens Key Points Reality/Meaning is constructed Socially Vygotsky Individually - Piaget Reality/Meaning is contextual Reality/Meaning is subjective,

6、5,Advocacy/Participatory Knowledge Claim (Adapted from Creswell, 2003),Thinkers Marx, Habermas, Freire, Kemmis & Wilkinson Key Points Reality/meaning is socially constructed Research is intertwined with politics and political agendas Addressess issues of empowerment, voice to the marganilized, oppre

7、ssion. Tends to be qualitative Types Feminist perspective Queer theory Disability inquiry Racialized discourse Critical Theory,6,Pragmatist Knowledge Claim (Adapted from Creswell, 2003),Thinkers Pierce, James, Mead, and Dewey Key Points Researches are not tied to a particular philosophical world vie

8、w (knowledge claim) Researchers are free to choose the methodology (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods) that appears to address the problem at hand. Practical problem solving oriented Tends to utilize a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach,7,Inductive vs. Deductive Research,8,

9、Qualitative,Most often used by constructivists, advocacy/participatory researchers. Traditions Ethnographies longitudinal study of intact culture in natural setting. Grounded Theory Abstract from views of participants. Case Studies Indepth study of a individuals, an event, or a process. Phenomenolog

10、ical Research “researchers identifies essence of human experiences concerning a phenomenon, as described by the participants in a study” Narrative Research Collects stories of individuals.,9,Quantitative,Key Concepts Experimental designs Non-experimental Designs e.g. surveys Scientific Method Empiri

11、cism Claims Objectivity Most often used by post positivists.,10,Mixed Methods,Types Sequential Qualitative to quantitative or quantitative to qualitative. Concurrent Integrate qualitative and quantitative methods and data. Transformative Theory driven choices in data collection techniques.,11,Paradi

12、gms and Methodologies,12,Evaluation and Selecting Library & Information Science Research Methods,List adapted from Powell and Connaway (2004) Basic Research Methods for Librarians (4th ed.) Historical research Bibliography Operations research Modeling Case study Delphi study Content analysis Compara

13、tive librarianship Tech-based research Systems analysis Survey research Experimental research For Definitions and Examples see:http:/www.library.kent.edu/PDSC_FRCW_Additional_Resources,13,Identifying Research Questions & Hypotheses,Defining Variables and Values Operational Definitions Statement of P

14、roblem Purpose Statement Types of Hypotheses Pseudohypotheses Research Questions,14,Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses: Defining Terms,Definitions Variable a finding that can vary and possess one or more values. Independent and Dependent Value the attributes of a variable. Categorical and

15、 Continuous Operational Definition Defining a term or concept by how it will be measured. Identify the variables and values in these research questions. Are the variables operationally defined? Did referrals decrease in the spring semester as compared to fall semester? In what category of transactio

16、n (direction, machine, or reference) did the referral fall?(From:http:/journals.ohiolink.edu/ejc/pdf.cgi/Dinkins_D.pdf?issn=00991333&issue=v36i0004&article=279_mrtuopatrd),15,Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses: Defining Terms,Characteristics of a Good Quantitative Statement of a Research

17、Problem adapted from Gay, 1992 Specifies variables of interest Specifies relationship between variables. Specifies types of subjects in study. Operationally defines variables of interest. Should be stated as early as possible in article. Should include background and justification.,16,Identifying Re

18、search Questions and Hypotheses: Defining Terms,Types of Hypotheses Directional and Nondirectional Statistical and Null Pseudohypotheses No basis for comparison Value Judgements,17,Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses: Defining Terms,Research Questions Posed broadly such as to indicate meth

19、odology but not limit scope or depth of study. Use “what” or “how” Use exploratory verbs Use nondirectional language Creswell (2003) recommends researchers ask two primary questions and several secondary questions. These questions should directly correspond with a methodology These questions will ch

20、ange as the study unfolds Depending on methodology, questions may not be directly relatable to lit review.,18,Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses: Defining Terms,Examples of Theoretical Questions in the Qualitative Tradition Marshall and Rossman (1995) “How does ones play affect reading re

21、adiness? Through what cognitive and affective processes? Do children who take certain roles for example, play leadership roles learn faster? If so, what makes the difference?” How does protg socialization process function in the school administration careers? Does it work differently for women? For

22、minorities? What processes are operating? Examples of Particular Population Questions in the Qualitative Tradition - Marshall and Rossman (1995) “How do neurosurgeons learn to cope with the reality that they hold the lives of people in their hands and many of their patients die? “What happens to wom

23、en who enter elite M.B.A. programs? What are their career paths?” “What is the life of the long-distance truck driver like?”,19,Activities & Discussion,Bags o junk introduction to the research process Using everyday objects to model and discuss the inductive and deductive process Gallery Walk Small group work generating research ideasFor Additional Resources: http:/www.library.kent.edu/PDSC_FRCW_Additional_Resources,20,