Chapter 22- A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks.ppt

1、Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Metamorphic rocks are classified on the basis of texture and composition (either mineralogical or chemical) Unlike igneous rocks, which have been plagued by a proliferation of local and specific names, metamorphic rock names are surprisingly simple a

2、nd flexible May choose some prefix-type modifiers to attach to names if care to stress some important or unusual textural or mineralogical aspects,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Foliation: and planar fabric element Lineation: any linear fabric elements They have no genetic connotations Some high-strain

3、rocks may be foliated, but they are treated separately,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Cleavage Traditionally: the property of a rock to split along a regular set of sub-parallel, closely-spaced planes A more general concept adopted by some geologists is to consider cleavage to be any type of foliation i

4、n which the aligned platy phyllosilicates are too fine grained to see individually with the unaided eye,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Schistosity A preferred orientation of inequaint mineral grains or grain aggregates produced by metamorphic processes Aligned minerals are coarse grained enough to see w

5、ith the unaided eye The orientation is generally planar, but linear orientations are not excluded,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Gneissose structure Either a poorly-developed schistosity or segregated into layers by metamorphic processes Gneissose rocks are generally coarse grained,Figure 22.1. Examples

6、 of foliated metamorphic rocks. a. Slate. b. Phyllite. Note the difference in reflectance on the foliation surfaces between a and b: phyllite is characterized by a satiny sheen. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Slate: compact, very fine-grained, meta

7、morphic rock with a well-developed cleavage. Freshly cleaved surfaces are dull,Phyllite: a rock with a schistosity in which very fine phyllosilicates (sericite/phengite and/or chlorite), although rarely coarse enough to see unaided, impart a silky sheen to the foliation surface. Phyllites with both

8、a foliation and lineation are very common.,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Figure 22.1c. Garnet muscovite schist. Muscovite crystals are visible and silvery, garnets occur as large dark porphyroblasts. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Schist: a metamorphi

9、c rock exhibiting a schistosity. By this definition schist is a broad term, and slates and phyllites are also types of schists. In common usage, schists are restricted to those metamorphic rocks in which the foliated minerals are coarse enough to see easily in hand specimen.,Foliated Metamorphic Roc

10、ks,Figure 22.1d. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss with obvious layering. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Gneiss: a metamorphic rock displaying gneissose structure. Gneisses are typically layered (also called banded), generally with alternating felsic and

11、darker mineral layers. Gneisses may also be lineated, but must also show segregations of felsic-mineral-rich and dark-mineral-rich concentrations.,Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks,Simpler than for foliated rocks Again, this discussion and classification applies only to rocks

12、 that are not produced by high-strain metamorphism Granofels: a comprehensive term for any isotropic rock (a rock with no preferred orientation) Hornfels is a type of granofels that is typically very fine-grained and compact, and occurs in contact aureoles. Hornfelses are tough, and tend to splinter

13、 when broken.,Specific Metamorphic Rock Types,Marble: a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of calcite or dolomite. The protolith is typically limestone or dolostone. Quartzite: a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of quartz. The protolith is typically sandstone. Some confusion may result f

14、rom the use of this term in sedimentary petrology for a pure quartz sandstone.,Greenschist/Greenstone: a low-grade metamorphic rock that typically contains chlorite, actinolite, epidote, and albite. Note that the first three minerals are green, which imparts the color to the rock. Such a rock is cal

15、led greenschist if foliated, and greenstone if not. The protolith is either a mafic igneous rock or graywacke. Amphibolite: a metamorphic rock dominated by hornblende + plagioclase. Amphibolites may be foliated or non-foliated. The protolith is either a mafic igneous rock or graywacke.,Specific Meta

16、morphic Rock Types,Specific Metamorphic Rock Types,Serpentinite: an ultramafic rock metamorphosed at low grade, so that it contains mostly serpentine. Blueschist: a blue amphibole-bearing metamorphosed mafic igneous rock or mafic graywacke. This term is so commonly applied to such rocks that it is e

17、ven applied to non-schistose rocks. Eclogite: a green and red metamorphic rock that contains clinopyroxene and garnet (omphacite + pyrope). The protolith is typically basaltic.,Specific Metamorphic Rock Types,Skarn: a contact metamorphosed and silica metasomatized carbonate rock containing calc-sili

18、cate minerals, such as grossular, epidote, tremolite, vesuvianite, etc. Tactite is a synonym. Granulite: a high grade rock of pelitic, mafic, or quartzo-feldspathic parentage that is predominantly composed of OH-free minerals. Muscovite is absent and plagioclase and orthopyroxene are common.,Specifi

19、c Metamorphic Rock Types,Migmatite: a composite silicate rock that is heterogeneous on the 1-10 cm scale, commonly having a dark gneissic matrix (melanosome) and lighter felsic portions (leucosome). Migmatites may appear layered, or the leucosomes may occur as pods or form a network of cross-cutting

20、 veins.,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Additional Modifying Terms: Porphyroblastic means that a metamorphic rock has one or more metamorphic minerals that grew much larger than the others. Each individual crystal is a porphyroblast Some porphyroblasts, particularly in low-grade co

21、ntact metamorphism, occur as ovoid “spots” If such spots occur in a hornfels or a phyllite (typically as a contact metamorphic overprint over a regionally developed phyllite), the terms spotted hornfels, or spotted phyllite would be appropriate.,Figure 23.14b. Spotted Phyllite. Winter (2001) An Intr

22、oduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Additional Modifying Terms: Some gneisses have large eye-shaped grains (commonly feldspar) that are derived from pre-existing large crysta

23、ls by shear (as described in Section 23.1). Individual grains of this sort are called auge (German for eye), and the (German) plural is augen. An augen gneiss is a gneiss with augen structure (Fig. 23-18).,Figure 23.18. Augen Gneiss. Winter (2010) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

24、. Prentice Hall.,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Additional Modifying Terms: Other modifying terms that we may want to add as a means of emphasizing some aspect of a rock may concern such features as grain-size, color, chemical aspe

25、cts, (aluminous, calcareous, mafic, felsic, etc.). As a general rule we use these when the aspect is unusual. Obviously a calcareous marble or mafic greenschist is redundant, as is a fine grained slate.,Chapter 22: A Classification of Metamorphic Rocks,Additional Modifying Terms: Ortho- a prefix ind

26、icating an igneous parent, and Para- a prefix indicating a sedimentary parentThe terms are used only when they serve to dissipate doubt. For example, many quartzo-feldspathic gneisses could easily be derived from either an impure arkose or a granitoid rock. If some mineralogical, chemical, or field-

27、derived clue permits the distinction, terms such as orthogneiss, paragneiss, or orthoamphibolite may be useful.,Chapter 22: High Strain Rocks,Figure 22.2. Schematic cross section through a shear zone, showing the vertical distribution of fault-related rock types, ranging from non-cohesive gouge and

28、breccia near the surface through progressively more cohesive and foliated rocks. Note that the width of the shear zone increases with depth as the shear is distributed over a larger area and becomes more ductile. Circles on the right represent microscopic views or textures. From Passchier and Trouw

29、(1996) Microtectonics. Springer-Verlag. Berlin.,Chapter 22: High Strain Rocks,Chapter 22: High Strain Rocks,Figure 22.3. Terminology for high-strain shear-zone related rocks proposed by Wise et al. (1984) Fault-related rocks: Suggestions for terminology. Geology, 12, 391-394.,Chapter 22: High Strain Rocks,Figure 22.4. Shatter cones in limestone from the Haughton Structure, Northwest Territories. Photograph courtesy Richard Grieve, Natural Resources Canada.,