托福阅读中的逻辑关系(文勇PPT课件).ppt

1、托福阅读中的逻辑关系,逻辑关系(1):否定,明显的否定关系特色词汇-no, not, none, neither, never, deny等隐含的否定关系特色词汇- fail to, absence from, lack(of), refuse to, little, few,I write to my parents every month. I never fail to write to my parents every month. - He is little known as an artist. He is not a famous artist,否定前缀,英语否定的前缀主要有

2、a-asexual 无性别的 ab-abnormal非正常的 anti-antisocial 与社会对立的 counter-counterrevolution 反革命 de-decontrol解除管理, 解除管制 dis- il- im- in- ir- mal- mis- non- un-.In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was not normal. In fact, he was so quiet that his parents thought he was abnormal.,否定后缀,需注意的三个否定后缀：

3、-less、-free、-proof hatless: not wearing a hat salt-free: without salt a bulletproof car: a car designed not to be harmed by bullets,逻辑关系(2):因果-明显,because(of), since, for, as, due to, owing to, In that, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently.We didnt know what to do as we were ju

4、st visiting there. The delay is owing to the crowded traffic. This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.,逻辑关系(2):因果-隐藏,1、表示“导致”的词 cause, lead to, make，render, stimulate, spur, spark, push, motivate, prompt, be responsible toToo much work and

5、 too little rest often lead to illness. Your action has rendered our contract invalid.2、表示“由而来”的词 derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from, His illness resulted from bad food.,逻辑关系(3):比较结构-隐藏,1.自身含有最高级含义的词；maximum, favorite, outstanding, top. -The maximum speed of this car

6、is 150 miles per hour2.比较级表示最高级 Ive never heard a better voice. China is larger than any of the other countries in Asia. George did more work than anyone else I like nothing better than swimming.,逻辑关系(3)-条件,表示条件概念的词: if, unless, supposing (that), suppose (that), providing / provided (that), in case,

7、 as long as, on condition that1) In case the house burns down, well get the insurance money. 2) You can go out, as long as you promise to be back before 11 oclock. 3) You can borrow the book, on condition that you dont lend it to anyone else.,逻辑关系(4)-并列与转折,1表示并列关系 likewise,in (much) the same way,sim

8、ilarly/similar to, vice versa,also/as well as,not only but also , both and , neither nor , like/just like, equally, or/and2表示转折关系 but/yet, however, in contrast (to), conversely, though/although, nevertheless, in spite of/despite, on the contrary, even if/even though, instead (of), different from/differ from, while,