1、,01,02,03,护理伦理原则,护理伦理规范,护理伦理范畴,第一节,护理伦理原则,护理伦理基本原则指反映护理学发展阶段及特定社会背景之中的护理道德的基本精神,调节各种护理道德关系都必须遵循的根本准则和最高要求。,护士伦理规范规定:,护理人员的职责是增进健康、预防疾病、维护健康、减轻痛苦。,最为护士,需要遵守护理伦理诊断基本原则、恪守职业操守,维护医学的荣誉。,一、护理伦理的基本原则,自主是指自我选择、自主行动或依照个人意愿自我管理和决策,即“自己做主”。,自主分为: 思想自主 意愿自主 行动自主 全麻患者,自主原则:指护士尊重患者的自主性,保证患者自己做主,理性地选择诊治决策的伦理原则,又称
2、尊重原则。患者的自主表现为自主知情、自主同意、自主选择等。,二、护理伦理的具体原则自主原则,二、护理伦理的具体原则,自主原则在护理实践中的应用,1. 护士应尊重患者的自主权利,(1)尊重患者的人格权; (2)尊重患者自主做选择、决定的权利。,2. 要正确行使护理自主权,对缺乏自主能力的患者,如婴幼儿、严重精神病患者和智力低下者,老年痴呆患者、昏迷患者或丧失意识患者等,患者的自主权被剥夺或被限制,应尊重家属或监护人的选择权。,3. “知情同意”是体现尊重患者自主权的典型代表,在检查、治疗、手术、人体实验、弱势群体中体现知情同意。良好的知情同意利于建立和谐的护患关系和减少法律纠纷。,二、护理伦理的
3、具体原则自主原则,02,03,04,01,“权衡厉害“原则,不伤害原则不是“绝对不伤害”。,双重影响,常见的医疗伤害有:技术性伤害、行为性伤害和经济性伤害。,不伤害原则指在医疗护理实践中最大限度地避免给患者带来不应有伤害的伦理原则,即要求医护人员不做伤害患者身心健康的事,如造成患者伤痛和能力的丧失、剥夺患者机会等。,强化护士以患者为中心的动机和意识,不能为个人利益而滥用护理手段。,培养护士扎实的专业知识和技能、严谨的工作态度,避免或减少由于技术不精和粗心大意而对患者造成伤害。,挡伤害无法避免时,要对有危险和有伤害的护理措施进行评估,谨慎思考,要选择利益大于危险或伤害的行为。,二、护理伦理的具体
4、原则自主原则应用,具体要求,二、护理伦理的具体原则行善原则,行善即仁慈或做善事。医护人员对患者实行仁慈、善良和有利的行为。遵循“医乃仁术”的行医准则。,加图片,二、护理伦理的具体原则行善原则的应用,2. 树立为患者服务的利益观,提供最佳的服务。,1. 行善是护士应承担的责任、义务和权力。,4. 坚持有利于公益原则。,3. 要权衡利害的大小,审慎评估、分析利益与伤害的大小。,患者的生命需要靠非常性的方法维持;,患者已被证实为生物死亡;,第一,第二,第三,患者及(或)其家属同意。,何时停止行善?,一是平等地对待患者,一视同仁。,二是合理地分配医疗资源,以公平优先、兼顾效率的基本原则,优化配置和合理
5、使用医疗资源。如器官移植、ICU或紧急灾难性医疗等的分配问题。,公正原则是指基于正义与公道,以公平合理的处世态度来对待患者和有关第三者。,二、护理伦理的具体原则公正原则,体现方式,二、护理伦理的具体原则公正原则的应用,公正的处理事故和纠纷:护士要站在公正的立场上,实事求是、不偏不倚地处理医疗事故、护理纠纷。,护士在人际交往中的公正:护士要树立平等观,对患者不分职业、地位、财产状况,都应一视同仁。,合理地分配卫生资源:护士与患者的实际接触多,对患者的医疗措施遵从度、反应及期望较了解,故可为医疗资源分配提供相关信息。,第二节,护理伦理规范,一、护理伦理规范的含义和作用,是指依据一定的护理伦理理论和
6、原则而制定的,用以调整医疗护理工作中各种复杂的医疗护理人际关系、评价护理行为善恶的准则。,护理伦理规范:,护理实践活动中,理论、原则,哪些应该做?,哪些不该做?,转换,南丁格尔誓言,护理伦理规范的作用,为护士提供了具体的行为指南,提升护士的伦理品质。,正确的观念引导护士在工作中依据伦理规范及时积极调整自我行为,避免不良行为发生。,对法律的调节起到补充作用。,依靠社会舆论、内心信念、传统习俗以及教育等非强制性手段,来约束法律不能管辖的行为。,有利于提高社会对护理工作的尊重和信任。,“以患者为中心”使护士得到社会大众的尊重和信任,利于建立良好呼护患关系。,二、护理伦理基本规范的内容,5. 诚实守信
7、,保守秘密,6. 相互尊重,团结协作,7. 廉洁行医,遵纪守法,3. 认真负责,任劳任怨,2. 尊重华智能和,一视同仁,1. 爱业敬业,精益求精,4. 语言文明,举止端庄,第三节,护理伦理范畴,在合乎伦理的范围内,有:专业和人格被尊重的权利、被保护安全执业业务的权利、合理待遇的权利、获得疾病诊疗护理信息的权利、医疗护理自主权、特殊干涉权。,道德权利和法律权利:生命健康权、平等的医疗权、知情同意权、隐私保护权、社会免责权、监护维护自己的医疗权利实现的权利、复印和复制在医院就医资料的权利。,大,一、权利与义务,(二)义务,4. 维护监看,养成良好的生活习惯,5. 支持医学和护理科研发展的义务,3.
8、 遵守医院规章制度,2. 尊重医务人员的人格和劳动,二、情感与良心情感,指在一定社会条件下,人们根据社会道德观念和准则,去感知、评价个人和他人行为的态度和体验。护理伦理情感具有特殊性、理智性、纯洁性等特点。,情感,二、情感与良心良心,是人们履行对他人、社会的义务过程中,对自己行为应负的道德责任的一种主观认识的评价能力。护理伦理良心的实质是自律。,良心,三、审慎与保密,(一)审慎,概念,护理伦理范畴的审慎是指护士在行为之前周密的思考,在行为过程中言语和行动上的谨言慎行,是一种道德作风和良心的外在表现。,内容,语言审慎; 行为审慎。,作用,1.有利于防止医疗试过的发生; 2.有利于护士积累经验;
9、3.有利于护士提高伦理水平。,作用,信誉作用; 缓解作用; 职业要求。,内容,一是为患者保密,包括患者的疾病史、各种特殊检查和化验报告、疾病的诊断名称、治疗方法,以及候诊那你和不愿意向外泄露的其它信息。二是对患者保密,不良诊断、预后等医疗信息在与家属或监护人商量之后,根据患者接受情况,选择性对患者进行保密。三是保守医务人员的秘密。,概念,护理伦理保密是指护士要保守患者秘密和隐私,以及对其采取保护性措施。,(二)保密,1.荣誉感和虚荣心的关系; 2.职业荣誉和个人荣誉; 3.社会荣誉和自我褒贬的关系。,护理伦理荣誉是指护士履行了职业义务之后,获得他人、集体或社会的赞许、表扬和奖励,以及个人感到的
10、自我满足和欣慰。,1.激励作用; 2.评价作用。,正确处理荣誉中的矛盾关系,概念,作用,四、荣誉与幸福,(一)荣誉,(二)幸福,物质生活与精神生活的统一; 个人幸福与集体幸福的统一; 集体幸福要高于个人幸福; 创造与享受的统一。,幸福与人的人生观、世界观、价值观的树立以及人生理想的实现密切联系,是一种较高层次的思想道德范畴。,护理人员的幸福是指在为患者服务的过程中,以自己辛勤的劳动,实现从事护理事业的人生价值而感受的精神上的满足。,能使护士树立正确的幸福观和价值观,自觉履行护士的职责。,概念,内容,作用,ADD YOUR TITLE,ADD TITLE,according to your ne
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