1、BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 7503-3:2016 Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 3: Apparatus calibrationBS ISO 7503-3:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7503-3:2016. The UK participation in
2、its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee NCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are resp
3、onsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 79388 2 ICS 13.280 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Stan
4、dards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7503-3:2016 ISO 2016 Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 3: Apparatus calibration Mesurage de la radioactivit Me
5、surage et valuation de la contamination de surface Partie 3: talonnage de lappareillage INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7503-3 Second edition 2016-01-15 Reference number ISO 7503-3:2016(E)BS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published
6、in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission c
7、an be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E)Fo
8、reword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms, definitions, s ymbols, and abbr e viat ed t erms . 2 3.1 Terms and definitions . 2 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 2 4 Surface contamination evaluation methods 3 5 Principal direct calibration methodology including summation
9、correction 4 5.1 General . 4 5.2 Calibration for radionuclides with single emission decay schemes . 4 5.3 P-factor for radionuclides with uncomplex decay schemes 6 5.4 P-factors for radionuclides with complex decay schemes 7 5.5 Generic estimation of instrument response 8 5.5.1 Determination of the
10、energy response of the instrument . 8 5.5.2 Modelling of the decay paths of the radionuclide of interest 9 5.5.3 Determination of the overall instrument response 12 5.5.4 Alternative determination of the overall instrument response .12 5.6 Conclusion 12 6 Test report 12 Annex A (normative) Alternati
11、ve calibration methodology .14 Annex B (informative) Direct surface contamination evaluation: Numeric calibration examples 25 Annex C (informative) Surface contamination evaluation for radionuclide mixtures 37 Annex D (informative) Calibration for the indirect evaluation of surface contaminations .4
12、0 Annex E (informative) Application of ISO 11929 for the direct evaluation of surface contaminations 44 Annex F (informative) Application of ISO 11929 for the indirect evaluation of surface contaminations 55 Bibliography .63 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents PageBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:
13、2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for w
14、hich a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
15、 matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. Th
16、is document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any o
17、r all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of user
18、s and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementa
19、ry information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7503-3:1996), which has been technically revised. IS
20、O 7503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using wipe-test samples Part 3: Apparatus calibrationiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7
21、503-3:2016(E) Introduction ISO 7503 gives guidance on the measurement of surface contamination. ISO 7503 is applicable to many situations where radioactive contamination can occur. Contamination arises from the release of radioactivity into the local environment. In most circumstances, the release i
22、s inadvertent but, on occasion, may be deliberate. Although the purpose and scope of the investigation may differ, the approaches taken to measure the levels and extent of the contamination are essentially similar. Radioactive contamination can arise from a number of activities or events such as the
23、 following: routine laboratory use of radio-chemicals; medical treatments; industrial applications; transport accidents; equipment malfunctions; malevolent incidents; nuclear accidents. Without process knowledge or documentation, it is not always possible to identify or distinguish the different rad
24、ionuclides constituting a surface contamination, and the evaluation of such a contamination cannot be made on a quantitative basis. Instead of using instruments with nuclide specific calibrations, it may be necessary to use other instruments which are fit for such a purpose. However, there may be ca
25、ses (e.g. a contaminated fuel material transport container) where the radionuclide or the radionuclide mixture can be clearly characterized. A surface contamination evaluation exceeding a pure qualitative assessment of fixed and removable surface contamination may then be needed. Moreover, following
26、 requirements laid down in national regulations and in international conventions, a measured surface contamination activity per unit area should be compared with surface contamination guideline values or surface contamination limits. Surface contamination guideline values are radionuclide-specific a
27、nd thus require complex radionuclide-specific calibrations of measurement equipment. Calibration quality assurance is crucial in order to avoid non-detection (i.e. type II decision errors) leading to incorrectly assuming compliance with given surface contamination guideline values or limits. Evaluat
28、ion of surfaces contaminated by a mixture of radionuclides with known ratios requires respectively proportionated calibration factors. ISO 7503 is concerned with the measurement and estimation of radioactivity levels. It does not provide advice on decommissioning, planning and surveillance technique
29、s. Surface contamination is specified in terms of activity per unit area and the limits are based on the recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 103). This part of ISO 7503 deals with a nuclide specific calibration methodology that incorporates summation corr
30、ections. Annex A provides calibration methods which are simplified in respect of radionuclide emission data treatment. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7503-3:2016BS ISO 7503-3:2016Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 3: Apparatus calibration 1 Sc
31、ope ISO 7503 and ISO 8769 are addressed to the people responsible for determining the radioactivity present on solid surfaces. This part of ISO 7503 applies to the evaluation of contamination on surfaces in terms of activity per unit area by direct and indirect methods of measurement and deals with
32、the complex aspects of instrument calibration. This part of ISO 7503 is applicable to well-defined surfaces, such as those of equipment and facilities, containers of radioactive materials, sealed sources, and buildings or land. This part of ISO 7503 can be used for laboratory and equipment/installat
33、ion control and for remediation and monitoring activities to comply with release criteria. This part of ISO 7503 also refers to the following: calibration laboratories or institutions dealing with radionuclides with complex emission characteristics or radionuclides for which no reference calibration
34、 sources are available; institutions confronted with the task to evaluate surface contaminations consisting of a radionuclide mixture; institutions/authorities controlling nuclear material transports or material/equipment clearance according to national legislation guideline values or international
35、convention limits. This part of ISO 7503 does not apply to contamination of the skin, clothing, or loose material, such as gravel. NOTE Direct evaluation of surface contamination from alpha-emitters, beta-emitters and photon emitters is dealt with in ISO 7503-1. The test method using wipe-test sampl
36、es for the evaluation of radioactive surface contaminations is dealt with in ISO 7503-2. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. F
37、or undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7503-1, Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surface contamination Part 1: General principles ISO 7503-2, Measurement of radioactivity Measurement and evaluation of surf
38、ace contamination Part 2: Test method using wipe test samples ISO 8769, Reference sources Calibration of surface contamination monitors Alpha-, beta- and photon emitters INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 7503-3:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E) ISO 11929, Determina
39、tion of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and application ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories IEC 60325, Radiation protec
40、tion instrumentation Alpha, beta and alpha/beta (beta energy 60 keV) contamination meters and monitors 3 T erms, d efinitions , s ymbols, and abbr e viat ed t erms 3.1 T erms and definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7503-1 and ISO 7503-2 and the foll
41、owing apply. 3.1.1 emission probability of a radionuclide ratio of the number of particles of a given type above a given energy or of photons created per unit time by a given radionuclide to the number of decays of this radionuclide per unit time 3.1.2 emergence factor of a source ratio of the numbe
42、r of particles of a given type or of photons created or released within the source (for a thin source) or its saturation layer thickness (for a thick source) per unit time and the number of particles of the same type above a given energy or of photons emerging from the front face of a source or its
43、window per unit time (surface emission rate) 3.1.3 s ou r c e ef f ic ienc y ratio of the number of particles of a given type above a given energy or of photons emerging from the front face of a source or its window per unit time (surface emission rate) and the number of particles of the same type o
44、r of photons created or released within the source (for a thin source) or its saturation layer thickness (for a thick source) per unit time 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this part of ISO 7503, the symbols given in ISO 7503-1 and ISO 7503-2 and the following apply. p e probabi
45、lity of a particle emerging from the surface p c probability of a particle emerging from the surface of a calibration source P inverse of probability of a particle emerging from the surface E i,j emergence factor of a source for a given energy or energy region i and for the radiation type j (alpha o
46、r beta or photon radiation) a i component i of radionuclide decay path i,j instrument efficiency for a given energy or energy region i and for the radiation type j (alpha or beta or photon radiation) in s 1 /s 1 k i abundance of radionuclide decay path i C(A) n direct method activity calibration fac
47、tor for the radionuclide n in (Bqcm 2 )/s 1 S G active calibration source area equal to the averaging area for the surface contamination guideline value in cm 22 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7503-3:2016ISO 7503-3:2016(E) i,j summarized emission intensity data for a given energy region and for
48、the radiation type j (alpha or beta or photon radiation) G n radionuclide specific surface contamination guideline value of a radionuclide n in Bqcm 2 r G,n instrument net count rate equivalent to the radionuclide specific surface contamination guideline value G nfor a radionuclide n in s 1 M G,n mu
49、ltiple of the surface contamination guideline value G n E ,max maximum beta radiation energy in MeV P d probability for a surface contamination monitor to detect a decay cascade of n steps A s,n activity per unit area of fixed and removable contamination of a radionuclide n in Bq cm 2 C(A) m direct method activity calibration factor for a given radionuclide mixture m with known radionuclide contribution to the mixture in (Bqcm 2 )/s 1 G m surface contamination guideline value for a
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