1、BSI Standards Publication BS ISO 8178-5:2015 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuelsBS ISO 8178-5:2015 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 8178-5:2015. It supersedes BS ISO 8178-5:2008 which is wit
2、hdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/14/-/3, RIC engines - Emissions. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
3、contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 82288 9 ICS 13.040.50; 27.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This British Standard was publis
4、hed under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 8178-5:2015 ISO 2015 Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 5: Test fuels Moteurs alterna
5、tifs combustion interne Mesurage des missions de gaz dchappement Partie 5: Carburants dessai INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8178-5 Third edition 2015-11-15 Reference number ISO 8178-5:2015(E)BS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Publis
6、hed in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permissi
7、on can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgBS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(
8、E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3 5 Choice of fuel. 3 5.1 General . 3 5.2 Influence of fuel properties on emissions from compression ignition engines 4 5.2.1 Fuel sulfur 4 5.2.2 Specific considerations f
9、or marine fuels . 7 5.2.3 Other fuel properties 7 5.3 Influence of fuel properties on emissions from spark ignition engines 8 6 Overview of fuels 9 6.1 Natural Gas . 9 6.1.1 Reference natural gas 9 6.1.2 Non-referenced natural gas 9 6.2 Liquefied petroleum gas . 9 6.2.1 Referenced liquefied petroleu
10、m gas . 9 6.2.2 Non-referenced liquefied petroleum gas 9 6.3 Engine gasolines 9 6.3.1 Referenced engine gasolines . 9 6.3.2 Non-referenced engine gasolines .10 6.4 Diesel fuels .10 6.4.1 Diesel reference fuels 10 6.4.2 Non-referenced diesel fuels.10 6.5 Distillate fuel oils 10 6.6 Residual fuel oils
11、 .10 6.7 Crude oil .11 6.8 Alternative fuels 11 6.9 Requirements and additional information 11 Annex A (informative) Calculation of the fuel specific fact ors 27 Annex B (informative) Equivalent non-ISO test methods 33 Bibliography .35 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents PageBS ISO 8178-5:2015
12、ISO 8178-5:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a su
13、bject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (
14、IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should b
15、e noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi
16、fying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenie
17、nce of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword -
18、Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 70, Internal combustion engines, Subcommittee SC 8, Exhaust gas emission measurement. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 8178-5:2008), of which it constitutes a minor revision. ISO 8178 consi
19、sts of the following parts, under the general title Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement: Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions Part 2: Measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions under field conditions Part 3: Defini
20、tions and methods of measurement of exhaust gas smoke under steady-state conditions Part 4: Steady-state test cycles for different engine applications 1) Part 5: Test fuels Part 6: Report of measuring results and test Part 7: Engine family determination Part 8: Engine group determination Part 9: Tes
21、t cycles and test procedures for test bed measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under transient conditions Part 10: Test cycles and test procedures for field measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines operating under
22、transient conditions 1) ISO 8178-4 is currently under revision and foreseen to be published with above new title in 2016.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(E) Introduction In comparison with engines for on-road applications, engines for off-road use are made in a much w
23、ider range of power output and configurations and are used in a great number of different applications. Since fuel properties vary widely from country to country a broad range of different fuels is listed in this part of ISO 8178 both reference fuels and commercial fuels. Reference fuels are usually
24、 representative of specific commercial fuels but with considerably tighter specifications. Their use is primarily recommended for test bed measurements described in ISO 8178-1. For measurements typically at site where emissions with commercial fuels, whether listed or not in this part of ISO 8178, a
25、re to be determined, uniform analytical data sheets (see Clause 5) are recommended for the determination of the fuel properties to be declared with the exhaust emission results. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 8178-5:2015BS ISO 8178-5:2015Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emissi
26、on measurement Part 5: Test fuels 1 Scope This part of ISO 8178 specifies fuels whose use is recommended for performing the exhaust emission test cycles given in ISO 8178-4. It is applicable to reciprocating internal combustion engines for mobile, transportable and stationary installations excluding
27、 engines for vehicles primarily designed for road use. This part of ISO 8178 may be applied to engines used, e.g. earth-moving machines and generating sets, and for other applications. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document an
28、d are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4264, Petroleum products Calculation of cetane index of middle-distillate fuels by the four- va
29、riable equation ISO 8178-1:2006, Reciprocating internal combustion engines Exhaust emission measurement Part 1: Test-bed measurement of gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions ISO 8216-1, Petroleum products Fuels (class F) classification Part 1: Categories of marine fuels ISO 8217, Petroleum produ
30、cts Fuels (class F) Specifications of marine fuels 3 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. NOTE Also see any applicable definitions contained in the standards listed in the tables in Annex B. 3.1 carbon residue residue remaining after
31、controlled thermal decomposition of a product under a restricted supply of oxygen (air) Note 1 to entry: The historical methods of Conradson and Ramsbottom have largely been replaced by the carbon residue (micro) method. SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.50.001 INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 8178-5:2015(E) IS
32、O 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(E) 3.2 cetane index number, calculated to represent the approximate cetane number of a product from its density and distillation characteristics Note 1 to entry: The formula used for calculation is reproduced from statistical analysis of
33、a very large representative sample of world-wide diesel fuels, on which cetane number and distillation data are known, and thus is subject to change at 5 to10 year intervals. The current formula is given in ISO 4264. It is not applicable to fuels containing an ignition-improving additive. SOURCE: IS
34、O 1998-2:1998, 2.30.111 3.3 cetane number number on a conventional scale, indicating the ignition quality of a diesel fuel under standardized conditions Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference mixture having the same ignition delay as the fu
35、el for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the delay. SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.30.110 3.4 crude oil naturally occurring form of petroleum, mainly occurring in a porous underground formation such as sandstone SOURCE: ISO 1998-1:1998, 1.05.005 Note 1 to entry: Hydrocarbon mixture, ge
36、nerally in a liquid state, which may also include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals and other elements. 3.5 diesel fuel gas-oil that has been specially formulated for use in medium and high-speed diesel engines, mostly used in the transportation market Note 1 to entry: It is often referr
37、ed to as “automotive diesel fuel”. SOURCE: ISO 1998-1:1998, 1.20.131 3.6 diesel index number which characterizes the ignition performance of diesel fuel and residual oils, calculated from the density and the aniline point Note 1 to entry: No longer widely used for distillate fuels due to inaccuracy
38、of this method, but applicable to some blended distillate residual fuel oils. See also 3.2, cetane index. 3.7 l i q u e f i e d p e t r o l e u m g a s LPG mixture of light hydrocarbons, consisting predominantly of propane, propene, butanes and butenes, that may be stored and handled in the liquid p
39、hase under moderate conditions of pressure and at ambient temperature SOURCE: ISO 1998-1:1998, 1.15.0802 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(E) 3.8 octane number number on a conventional scale expressing the knock-resistance of a fuel for spark-ignition engines Note 1 to en
40、try: It is determined in test engines by comparison with reference fuels. There are several methods of test, consequently the octane number should be accompanied by reference to the method used. SOURCE: ISO 1998-2:1998, 2.30.100 3.9 oxygenate oxygen containing organic compound which may be used as a
41、 fuel or fuel supplement, such as various alcohols and ethers 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms The symbols and abbreviations used in this part of ISO 8178 are identical with those given in ISO 8178-1:2006, Clause 4 and Annex A. Those which are essential for this part of ISO 8178 are repeated below in
42、 order to facilitate comprehension. Symbol SI Definition Unit excess air factor (in kilogrammes dry air per kilogramme of fuel) kg/kg k f fuel specific factor for exhaust flow calculation on wet basis k CB fuel specific factor for the carbon balance calculation q maw intake air mass flow rate on wet
43、 basis a kg/h q mew exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis a kg/h q mf fuel mass flow rate kg/h w ALF mass fraction of hydrogen in the fuel % w BET mass fraction of carbon in the fuel % w GAM mass fraction of sulfur in the fuel % w DEL mass fraction of nitrogen in the fuel % w EPS mass fraction of
44、oxygen in the fuel % z fuel factor for calculation of w ALF aAt reference conditions (T = 273,15 K and p = 101,3 kPa). 5 Choice of fuel 5.1 General As far as possible, reference fuels should be used for certification of engines. Reference fuels reflect the characteristics of commercially available f
45、uels in different countries and are therefore different in their properties. Since fuel composition influences exhaust emissions, emission results with different reference fuels are not usually comparable. For lab-to-lab comparison of ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 8178-5:2015ISO 8178-5:2015(E
46、) emissions even the properties of the specified reference fuel are recommended to be as near as possible to identical. This can theoretically best be accomplished by using fuels from the same batch. For all fuels (reference fuels and others), the analytical data shall be determined and reported wit
47、h the results of the exhaust measurement. For non-reference fuels, the data to be determined are listed in the following tables: Table 4 (Universal analytical data sheet Natural gas); Table 8 (Universal analytical data sheet Liquefied petroleum gas); Table 13 (Universal analytical data sheet Engine
48、gasolines); Table 17 (Universal analytical data sheet Diesel fuels); Table 19 (Universal analytical data sheet Distillate fuel oils); Table 21 (Universal analytical data sheet Residual fuel oils); Table 22 (Universal analytical data sheet Crude oil). An elemental analysis of the fuel shall be carrie
49、d out when the possibility of an exhaust mass flow measurement or combustion air flow measurement, in combination with the fuel consumption, is not possible. In such cases, the exhaust mass flow can be calculated using the concentration measurement results of the exhaust emission, and using the calculation methods given in ISO 8178-1:2006, Annex A. In cases where the fuel analysis is not available, hydrogen and carbon mass fractions can be obtained b
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