1、BS ISO/IEC 18305:2016 Information technology Real time locating systems Test and evaluation of localization and tracking systems BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO/IEC 18305:2016 BRITISH STANDARD National foreword This British Standard is the UK
2、implementation of ISO/IEC 18305:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/34, Automatic identification and data capture techniques. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does no
3、t purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 86821 4 ICS 35.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal o
4、bligations. This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO/IEC 18305:2016 Information technology Real time locating systems Test and evaluati
5、on of localization and tracking systems Technologies de linformation - Systmes de localisation en temps rel - Essais et valuation des systmes de localisation et de suivi INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 18305 Reference number ISO/IEC 18305:2016(E) First edition 2016-11-01 ISO/IEC 2016 BS ISO/IEC 18305
6、:2016ii ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy
7、ing, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749
8、 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO/IEC 18305:2016(E)BS ISO/IEC 18305:2016ISO/IEC 18305:2016(E)Foreword v Introduction vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 1 4 Abbreviated terms 2 5 L TS taxonomy . 3 5.1 Types of location sensors . 3 5.1.1 Unimo
9、dal systems . 4 5.1.2 Multimodal systems 5 5.2 Reliance on pre-existing networking / localization infrastructure . 5 5.2.1 LTSs requiring infrastructure . 5 5.2.2 LTSs capable of infrastructure-less operation 5 5.2.3 Real-time deployment of nodes facilitating localization . 6 5.2.4 Opportunistic use
10、 of infrastructure/environment . 6 5.3 Off-line, building-specific training . 6 5.3.1 LTSs requiring off-line training . 6 5.3.2 LTSs not requiring off-line training . 7 5.4 Ultimate consumer(s) of location information . 7 5.4.1 Introduction . 7 5.4.2 The ELT . 8 5.4.3 The tracking authority 8 5.4.4
11、 Both the ELT and the tracking authority . 8 6 L TS privacy and security considerations . 8 6.1 Privacy 8 6.2 Security 9 7 T military; law enforcement; mining; E-911; offender tracking; personal vehicular navigation; smart phones / social networking; fleet management; asset tracking in factories / w
12、arehouses / hospitals; tracking the elderly / children; and personal navigation in museums / shopping malls. Some applications of localization and tracking such as personal navigation, fleet management, and asset tracking in factories / warehouses / hospitals are commonly referred to as Location-Bas
13、ed Services (LBS). The use of LBS alone is expected to grow dramatically by 2020. Yet, lack of standardized Test and Evaluation (T ii) it is hard to interpret T and iii) the use of disparate minimum performance requirements by various buyers / jurisdictions forces manufacturers to develop jurisdicti
14、on-specific products, thereby raising manufacturing costs. In contrast with LBS, there are many applications of localization and tracking that are essentially governmental functions in the sense that the government is the entity that is most concerned about the effectiveness of solutions for such ap
15、plications. Examples of these applications include tracking firefighters entering a burning structure for command and control purposes and to launch a rescue mission if a firefighter becomes incapacitated, prevention of friendly fire when soldiers or Special Weapons And Tactics (SWAT) team members e
16、nter a building where either hostile forces or armed individuals threatening public safety have taken refuge, and guidance and navigation for missiles and precision-guided munitions. Many of these applications have more stringent localization accuracy and latency requirements than other applications
17、 of localization and tracking used by the general public, such as navigation in museums / shopping malls, tracking the elderly in nursing homes, ensuring children are not abducted from school grounds, and fleet management for a trucking company. This document deals with T&E of LTSs. Once standardize
18、d T&E procedures have been established, it is possible to set minimum performance requirements for various applications of localization and tracking. For example, regulations promulgated by a government agency may require coal mine operators to have the capability to track the miners on duty within
19、5 m accuracy during normal mine operations and 100 m accuracy in the aftermath of a catastrophic incident in the mine, such as an explosion or a roof collapse. It makes sense to separate the T&E issue from minimum performance requirements, because the same T&E standard may be applicable to many appl
20、ications of localization and tracking, but the minimum performance requirements typically vary from one application to vi ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO/IEC 18305:2016ISO/IEC 18305:2016(E) another. This document deals with T it does not set minimum performance requirements for any localizati
21、on and tracking applications. T&E of LTSs is challenging for several reasons: i) Many systems work in a “networked” fashion. That is, several devices would have to communicate with each other in order to estimate the location(s) of one or more such devices. Therefore, the LTS performance is affected
22、 by how these devices are situated with respect to each other, i.e. by the network topology. ii) The physical environment in which the devices are situated affects communications between them and functionalities such as ranging or estimating direction of another device and hence LTS performance. For
23、 example, Radio Frequency (RF) communications in a single-family house with a wooden structure is very different from that in a large high-rise building with a steel and concrete structure. iii) Even though it is best to take a “black-box” approach to LTS T&E, one needs to be cognizant of the failur
24、e modes of various location sensors (such as Global Positioning System (GPS), RF ranging, RF direction of arrival estimation, accelerometer, gyroscope, and altimeter) that “might” be used in an LTS in order to design a comprehensive T&E procedure. Yet another difficulty of a different nature is that
25、 some systems rely on the availability of a networking infrastructure, such as a Wi-Fi network, or other devices, such as Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) or Real Time Locating System (RTLS) tags, to facilitate localization and tracking in a building or structure. Some allow deployment of such
26、devices sometimes called “breadcrumbs” as users enter a building. Other systems are designed to function based on the assumption that they cannot get any help with localization and tracking from the building and breadcrumb deployment is not allowed. Therefore, the T&E procedure has to account for th
27、ese possibilities or classes of LTSs. The main purpose of this document is to develop performance metrics and T&E scenarios for LTSs. LBS are envisaged in many application domains in both governmental operations and general public usage scenarios. Therefore, industry, consumers, trade, governments,
28、and distributors are all affected by this document. Every effort has been made to write this document in such a way that it would be applicable to as many applications of indoor localization and tracking as possible. This document provides explicit instructions on how to report the T&E results, i.e.
29、 what information to document and what kind of tables and figures/plots to include to best visualize the results of the T&E effort. LTS T&E is complicated even once this document has been published, because there has to be a “network deployment” and testing in at least a few types of buildings. One
30、should not expect that LTS T&E can be done in a laboratory. Performance results can depend on the particular building(s) used in the T&E procedure, but at least there will be a standardized way of doing the T&E, and if multiple LTSs are evaluated according to the standard in the same set of building
31、s, then the performance results can be compared. Localization and tracking technology has not yet matured. New systems and approaches will be developed in the next several years, but the T&E procedure can be standardized regardless of what takes place on the technology front and it may in fact foste
32、r technology development. In the absence of a T&E standard, the present uncertainties in the LTS market, where it is hard for users to ascertain whether LTS products meet their requirements and LTS vendor claims are hard to verify, will continue. Therefore, this is indeed the right time for developm
33、ent of this document. Extensions of this standard to other application domains, such as miners trapped in an underground mine, navigation for submersible vehicles or tiny medical devices moving around inside a human body, may be the subjects of future standards that will be extensions of this “base”
34、 standard. As a final note, the term “localization and tracking” has been used to denote the types of systems this document is meant to be applied to. However, this is not the only term in use for referring to such systems. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 uses the term RTLS, which also appears in the full name
35、for this document. SC 31, in its deliberations, considered the use of the term “positioning” for the situations in which a person/object equipped with an appropriate device, uses that device possibly in conjunction with others and as part of a system to determine its own location. That is, “positioning” is for self- awareness. On the other hand, SC 31 regards “locating” as the appropriate term for the situation in which some other entity needs to determine the location of a person/object remotely. In other words, ISO/IEC 2016 All rights reserved vii
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