1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO/IEC TR10037:1991 Implementation of ISO/IEC TR10037:1991 Information technology SGMLand Text-entry Systems Guidelines for SGML Syntax-Directed Editing Systems UDC 681.3.06:655.53:(083.13)BSISO/IECTR10037:1991 This BritishStandard, having been prepared under the directionof the
2、 Information Systems Technology Standards Policy Committee, was publishedunder the authority ofthe Standards Board and comesinto effect on 28June1991 BSI 02-2000 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee referenceIST/18 Draft for comment90/62482DC ISBN 0 580 19752 2
3、 Committees responsible for this BritishStandard The preparation of this BritishStandard was entrusted by the Information Systems Technology Standards Policy Committee(IST/-) to Technical CommitteeIST/18, upon which the following bodies were represented: British Computer Society British Facsimile In
4、dustry Consultative Committee British Photographic Association British Printing Industries Federation British Telecommunications plc Computing Services Association Department of Trade and Industry (Information Technology Division) EEA (The Association of Electronics, Telecommunications and Business
5、Equipment Industries) HM Treasury (Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency) Her Majestys Stationery Office Institute of Information Scientists Joint Network Team Ministry of Defence National Computer Users Forum National Computing Centre Ltd. National Health Services SGML Users Group Universi
6、ty of London User Standards Forum for Information Technology (Institute of Data Processing Management) Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBSISO/IECTR10037:1991 BSI 02-2000 i Contents Page Committees responsible Inside front cover Foreword iii Text of ISO/IEC TR10037 1BSISO/IEC
7、TR10037:1991 ii BSI 02-2000 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pa
8、ges This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pagesi andii, theISO/IECTRtitlepage, pagesiitoiv, pages1 to11 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside
9、front cover.ISO/IECTR10037:1991(E) ii BSI 02-2000 Contents Page Foreword iii Introduction 1 1 Scope 1 2 Reference 2 3 Definitions 2 4 Document processing 3 5 Document Type Definition processing 10 Alphabetical index 11 Descriptors: Data processing, text processing, information interchange, documenta
10、tion, documents, logical structure, programming (computers), artificial languages, programming languages.ISO/IECTR10037:1991(E) BSI 02-2000 iii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (theInternational Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for wor
11、ldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate
12、in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC1. The main task of technical comm
13、ittees is to prepare International Standards, but in exceptional circumstances a technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types: type1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard, despite repeated
14、 efforts; type2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; type3, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally pu
15、blished as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example). Technical Reports of types1 and2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed
16、until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful. ISO/IEC/TR10037, which is a Technical Report of type3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC1, Information technology.iv blankISO/IECTR10037:1991(E) BSI 02-2000 1 Introduction This Technical Report specifies
17、a series of guidelines for the capabilities of an SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language, as defined in ISO8879) Syntax-Directed Editing System. An Editing System is a combination of computer software and hardware that is used as a tool for the entry and modification of data. A Syntax-Directed E
18、diting System is one that is aware of the syntax and structure of the data being edited, and can make use of that knowledge to ease the task of the person using that system. This Technical Report is therefore concerned with editing systems that are specifically tailored for the manipulation of docum
19、ents marked up with SGML. When electronic publishing first evolved, an author would create a document in either manuscript or typescript form, using various spacing conventions to indicate the structure of the document. An editor would then “blue pencil” it to mark the actions needed to lay out and
20、format the document. The document would then be key-punched with the appropriate detailed formatting instructions inserted into the text. With the advent of generic markup and availability of on-line editing systems, authors were given a list of tags and were expected to use these tags to mark up th
21、e document as it was being created, thus reducing the need for manual “blue pencilling”. In some cases, having authors mark up the documents created more problems than it solved. For example: tags were used incorrectly generic identifiers (tag names) were misspelled tags were omitted. With the devel
22、opment of SGML there is now a mechanism that allows markup errors to be found prior to composition thus eliminating a cause of many subsequent composition errors. The drawback to this was that SGML requires that the author understand enough about the tag set to allow it to be used correctly. Many au
23、thors were unhappy about this and demanded assistance with the tagging. Furthermore, SGML requires the creation and use of a Document Type Definition (DTD) which describes a documents structure. Creating DTDs is a difficult task that requires skill and is prone to errors; when an SGML document fails
24、 validation it is sometimes not clear whether the error is in the document or in the DTD. It is apparent that tools are needed both to aid the document analyst in creating correct DTDs and the author in correctly using them. These tools are called SGML Syntax-Directed Editing Systems. 1 Scope 1.1 Wh
25、at is in this report? This Technical Report describes a set of functions which an SGML syntax-directed editing system may have in order to help users manipulate documents marked up according to the rules of SGML. These functions may be embodied in a special-purpose editing system, or they could be a
26、dded to those functions already present in an existing text-entry or editing system. In either case the result would be a syntax-directed editing system that is optimized for the manipulation of SGML documents. The Technical Report contains two major clauses. The first and larger clause describes th
27、e functions of an SGML syntax-directed editing system as applied to document processing (that is, the creation, viewing, and modification of an SGML source document instance). The second clause identifies those additional facilities felt to be appropriate for DTD processing. The editing of SGML decl
28、arations is not covered. This Technical Report does not specify a “standard editing system”. Any references to specific functions relating to general editing (such as insertion, deletion, or the changing of data) are made only for clarity. They do not imply any particular procedure for performing su
29、ch functions, but simply indicate that their existence is presumed. The methodology for the implementation of editing functions is left to the ingenuity of the implementor. Similarly, this Technical Report is primarily aimed at the creator of “text” documents. Although SGML can be used for describin
30、g a wide variety of data (including databases, spreadsheets, mathematics, and even music), these uses are not directly considered in this Technical Report. 1.2 Who should read this report? This Technical Report is intended to be useful to two categories of readers: a) People who are specifying or se
31、lecting an editing system for use with SGML documents. b) People who are implementing an SGML syntax-directed editing system. As such it describes a variety of facilities some essential and some more esoteric which may be found useful in an SGML syntax-directed editing system. By comparing the facil
32、ities available in an SGML editing system with those described here, the reader can gauge its capabilities. It is assumed that readers are familiar with the concepts and terminology of SGML; the definitions of many of the terms used in the Technical Report may be found in ISO8879.ISO/IECTR10037:1991
33、(E) 2 BSI 02-2000 Most of the requirements for an SGML syntax-directed editing system are sufficiently generic that they can be implemented using a wide variety of display and entry devices. These include both text and graphics displays (whether monochrome or colour), keyboards with or without speci
34、al “function” keys, mice and other pointing devices, and potentially even voice recognition and sound generation machinery. It is expected that an SGML syntax-directed editing system will take full advantage of the facilities of the devices available in a way that is natural to the users of the syst
35、em. Although the editing system may be primarily designed for the manipulation of SGML documents and DTDs, nothing in this Technical Report necessarily prevents its use with non-SGML documents (or, indeed, other data such as computer programs). However, it must be noted that the special SGML functio
36、ns described in this Technical Report may not be appropriate for documents that do not use SGML syntax. 2 Reference The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Technical Report. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was
37、valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Technical Report are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standar
38、ds. ISO8879:1986, Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Technical Report, the following definitions apply. 3.1 cueing the giving of clues, by use of formatting, colour emphasis, etc., to the user to help ide
39、ntify the structure or other attributes of the data being edited 3.2 currently open element the open element whose start-tag occurred most recently (or was omitted through markup minimization) 3.3 current position the place within the document where a subsequent insertion, deletion, or other modific
40、ation will be made 3.4 cursor a visual indication on the display screen of the current position in data being edited 3.5 dynamic validation the parsing of a document or partial document for errors as part of (or very soon after) the creation or modification process (that is, takes place as the user
41、enters or modifies the document). See also partial validation, static validation 3.6 editing system a combination of computer software and hardware that is used as a tool for the entry and modification of data 3.7 free-standing element an element that is created without reference to a containing ele
42、ment 3.8 implicit unit a unit that is inferred from some or all of the content of a document element, rather than from SGML rules or markup. For example, a word or sentence 3.9 intrusive function an SGML function or markup that intrudes upon the writing process 3.10 partial validation incomplete dyn
43、amic validation or static validation 3.11 selection the process of selecting an item or action from a list of possibilities, or the choosing or marking of some part of a document 3.12 selection device the tool used to select items presented to the user by the system. For example, a mouse or function
44、 keyISO/IECTR10037:1991(E) BSI 02-2000 3 3.13 static validation the parsing of a document or partial document for errors at the end of the creation or modification process, or on specific user request. See also dynamic validation, partial validation 3.14 structural cue a clue, given by use of format
45、ting, colour emphasis,etc., that helps identify the structure of the data being edited 3.15 syntax-directed editing system an editing system that is aware of the syntax and structure of the data being edited, and can make use of that knowledge to ease the task of the person using that system 3.16 un
46、it a defined portion of the document that the SGML syntax-directed editing system user can request to be processed as an aggregate. For example, an element that is to be moved to some other position within the document would be considered a unit if it includes the start-tag, end-tag, and the element
47、s character content 3.17 validation services the facilities provided by the SGML syntax-directed editing system for the validation of SGML documents or Document Type Definitions 4 Document processing An SGML encoded document consists of the following parts: an optional SGML declaration, a mandatory
48、base document type definition, and the document instance. Of these, a document author would normally only be concerned with the document instance, and would use a DTD provided by a document designer. Therefore, an SGML syntax-directed editing system is primarily intended to allow the creation and mo
49、dification of the document instance and its contained elements as it is the editing of document instances that is the most common task in the preparation of SGML encoded documents. In this part of the Technical Report are described the facilities of an SGML syntax-directed editing system, as applied to the editing of document instances, in the following order: a) the document units which should be “understood” by the editing system, b) the presentation of the document, c) document entry the creation of new text and markup, d) the manipulation and modifi
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