1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO TR 9705-2:2001 Reaction to fire tests Full scale room tests for surface products Part 2: Technical background and guidance ICS 13.220.50; 19.020 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS ISO TR9705-2:2001 This British Standard, having been prepa
2、red under the direction of the Health and Environment Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 August 2001 BSI 07-2001 ISBN 0 580 38216 8 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO TR 9705-2:2001 and implements it
3、 as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee FSH/21, Reaction to fire tests, to subcommittee FSH/21/7, Large and intermediate scale tests, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtai
4、ned on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” fa
5、cility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obli
6、gations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary
7、of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO/TR title page, pages ii and v, a blank page, pages 1 to 39 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date
8、 CommentsReference number ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9705-2 First edition 2001-05-01 Reaction-to-fire tests Full-scale room tests for surface products Part 2: Technical background and guidance Essais de raction au feu Essais dans une pice en vraie grandeur pour les matriaux de rev
9、tement intrieur Partie 2: Donnes techniques et lignes directricesii ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Characteristics of the ignition sources .1 2.1 Standard ignition source 1 2.2 Alternative ignition source .1 3 Sensitivity analyses.6 3.1 General6 3.2 Spe
10、cimen configurations6 3.3 Effect of the burner size7 3.4 Effect of the stand-off distance of the burner.7 4 Heat balance in the room 7 4.1 General7 4.2 Heat release by combustion.7 4.3 Heat loss by convection8 4.4 Heat loss by conduction .8 4.5 Heat loss by radiation .8 4.6 Results of heat balance c
11、alculations.9 5 Measuring techniques.9 5.1 Mass flow through the doorway and interface height .9 5.2 Measurement of toxic gases.10 5.3 Mass loss rate from the sample .10 6 Extended calculations.10 6.1 Filling time of room and hood 10 6.2 Prediction of mass flow and interface position11 6.3 Estimate
12、of sample mass loss14 6.4 Fire growth models14 7 Precision data 14 7.1 General14 7.2 ISO round robin15 7.3 ASTM round robin .16 8 Other test protocols using similar equipment16 9 Specimen mounting 17 Annex A Calculation of HRR by means of different gas analysis data.18 Annex B Practical example of t
13、he measurements of toxic gases by FTIR and ion chromatography .26 Annex C Estimation of mass loss rate by means of HRR and gas analysis measurements32 Annex D Overview of other test protocols using similar equipment 35 Bibliography38ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) iv Foreword ISO (the International Organizati
14、on for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established ha
15、s the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Inte
16、rnational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publica
17、tion as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art“, for exampl
18、e), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibili
19、ty that some of the elements of this part of ISO/TR 9705 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 9705-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. ISO
20、9705 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reaction-to-fire tests Full-scale room tests for surface products: Part 1: Full-scale test for surface products (currently published as ISO 9705:1993,F i r et e st s Full-scale room test for surface products) Part 2: Technical background
21、and guidance Technical ReportISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)v Introduction ISO 9705:1993 specifies a test method simulating a fire that starts under well-ventilated conditions, in a corner of a small room with a single open doorway. The method is intended to evaluate the contribution to fire growth provided b
22、y a surface product using a specified ignition source. The method provides data for a specified ignition source for the early stages of a fire from ignition up to flashover. ISO 9705:1993 also describes different measurement techniques inside and outside the room. This part of ISO 9705 gives backgro
23、und information and support to the potential users of the test. It gives the user of the test technical information on the ignition source, heat fluxes in the room from the burner, heat balance in the room during a fire, aspects of smoke production and toxic gas species production, as well as aspect
24、s of modelling the results of these tests. It gives the user the information necessary to select the testing procedure for specific projects or regulations.TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)1 Reaction-to-fire tests Full-scale room tests for surface products Part 2: Technical background and guida
25、nce 1 Scope This part of ISO 9705 provides guidance on ISO 9705:1993. It describes the technical background of the test and gives information which may be used for determining a testing procedure for a specific scenario, or how results can be utilized in a total hazard analysis for the specified sce
26、nario. 2 Characteristics of the ignition sources 2.1 Standard ignition source The standard ignition source consists of a sandbox burner with dimensions of 0,17 m 0,17 m. This source is used in reference 1 (see Bibliography). An important characteristic of the ignition source is its heat transfer tow
27、ards the material. Figures 1 and 2 show a detailed mapped overview of the total heat flux towards the specimen and the gas temperatures. The measurements are performed in an open wall configuration, at an energy release rate level of 100 kW 2. These values will slightly change when the burner is loc
28、ated in a room environment. Figures 3 and 4 give the contours of a constant heat flux of 10 kW/m 2 at different heat outputs of the burner and also where areas of total heat flux are higher than a given value. 2.2 Alternative ignition source One of the alternative heat sources is a box burner, with
29、dimensions of 0,3 m 0,3 m. It is described in ASTM E603-98 3. Figures 5 and 6 give a detailed mapping of heat fluxes and gas temperatures for a burner energy release rate of 160 kW 2. Other heat sources may be more appropriate (see annex B of ISO 9705:1993). Figure 7 gives results of heat fluxes tow
30、ards the specimen for a heat source level of 40 kW and 160 kW, with different gases (natural gases and a mixture of natural gas and toluene) 4. Figures 8 and 9 show a comparison of different burner sizes for contours of constant heat flux of 10 kW/m 2 , at an energy release rate of 100 kW in an open
31、 corner and for areas exposed to a certain irradiant heat flux 4. Finally, an example is given of the difference between the total heat flux produced by a burner in a corner and a wall position. Table 1 gives an overview of the total heat flux towards the floor and the total heat flux to the wall at
32、 0,9 m and 1,5 m height for energy release rates of 40 kW and 160 kW using the alternative ignition source of ISO 9705:1993. Results show that, for the corner position, heat flux levels are higher in almost all cases.ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) 2 Figure 1 Heat flux distribution at an energy release rate o
33、f 100 kW for the standard ignition source in an open corner Figure 2 Gas temperature distribution 30 mm from the wall at an energy release rate of 100 kW for the standard ignition source in an open cornerISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)3 NOTE Contours of 10 kW/m 2 . Figure 3 Contours of constant heat flux for
34、the standard ignition source in an open corner at different irradiant heat flux levels Figure 4 Areas of total heat flux levels higher than a given value for the standard ignition source at different irradiant heat flux levels in an open cornerISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) 4 Figure 5 Heat flux distribution
35、at 160 kW for the alternative ignition source in an open corner Figure 6 Gas temperature distribution 30 mm from the wall at 160 kW for the alternative ignition source in an open cornerISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)5 Figure 7 Heat flux distribution for the alternative ignition source in an open corner at 40
36、kW and 160 kW with different types of gas NOTE Contours of 10 kW/m 2 . Figure 8 Contours of constant heat flux for the different sizes of box ignition sources in an open corner at a 100 kW heat source levelISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) 6 Figure 9 Areas of total heat flux levels higher than a given value for
37、 different box ignition sources at 100 kW in an open corner Table 1 Comparison between corner and centre wall position Burner in the corner Burner at centre of back wall Heat source level Heat flux to floor kW/m 2 Heat flux to wall at 0,9 m kW/m 2 Heat flux to wall at 1,5 m kW/m 2 Heat flux to floor
38、 kW/m 2 Heat flux to wall at 0,9 m kW/m 2 Heat flux to wall at 1,5 m kW/m 2 40 kW 0,6 12,5 6,5 0,6 8,5 4 160 kW 5,4 56 60 4,2 62 33 3 Sensitivity analyses 3.1 General Various sensitivity analyses have been performed over the last 25 years. All studies used the room described in ISO 9705:1993, but di
39、ffered in the type of ignition source (the standard ignition source or the alternative ignition source of ISO 9705). These sensitivity analyses contained different specimen configurations and different ignition positions and levels. An overview is given below of some of the findings as guidance for
40、testing in the ISO 9705 room. 3.2 Specimen configurations Sensitivity analyses revealed that testing with linings on both ceiling and walls resulted in a more severe condition than tests with linings on the walls only 5. When only the walls are covered with linings, a ceiling lined with ceramic wool
41、 is more severe than a ceiling lined with gypsum boards and will show less discrimination between the different materials 6.ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E)7 In order to achieve comparable tests data between laboratories and high discrimination, it is recommended in ISO 9705 that the walls (excluding the wall
42、containing the doorway) and the ceiling are covered with the product. When other specimen configurations are used, this should be clearly stated in the report. 3.3 Effect of the burner size The effect of the burner size has been studied extensively within the Eurefic programme 7. Results have been s
43、hown for heat flux distribution and gas temperatures. Moreover, tests were done in a room lined with particle board. Little effect was seen on the time to flashover at rates of heat release of 160 kW and 300 kW. At a lower heat release of about 40 kW, the time to flashover with a large burner (0,5 m
44、 by 0,5 m) was significantly longer than for the other burners (standard and alternative ignition source of ISO 9705). The reason for this was explained by the smaller area which is exposed to a given heat flux level (see Figure 9), hence producing a slower flame spread. 3.4 Effect of the stand-off
45、distance of the burner Experiments at lower heat source levels with the alternative ignition source of ISO 9705 showed that there was a considerable influence of the stand-off distance of the burner 8. With the standard ignition source, the stand-off distance seems to be less critical. The influence
46、 can in most cases be predicted by heat flux measurements at the walls behind the burner flame. 4 Heat balance in the room 4.1 General An energy balance calculation was carried out at the early stages on the development of the ISO 9705 room corner test 9. The energy balance in the room can be given
47、as follows: cc owrb QQQQQ where c Q is the heat released by combustion (kW); co Q is the heat loss by convection through the doorway (kW); w Q is the heat loss by conduction into the surrounding structure (kW); r Q is the heat loss by radiation throughout the doorway (kW); b Q is the heat stored in
48、the gas volume (kW). In most cases the heat stored in the gas volume is negligible. The other terms are calculated as given in the following paragraphs. The results of a heat balance calculation are also given below. 4.2 Heat release by combustion Heat release by combustion might be the heat release
49、 measurement or, in the case of the calibration test, this can be calculated as ccf QHm ISO/TR 9705-2:2001(E) 8 where c H is the heat of combustion, equal to the net calorific value of propane (46,4 MJ/kg); f m is the mass loss rate of the propane (kg/s). 4.3 Heat loss by convection The heat loss at the doorway can be calculated as follows: co o g a () p QmcTT where o m is the mass flow rate out of the doorway (kg/s); p c is the specific heat of the smoke gases (kJ/kg
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