BS PD CEN TR 14520-2007 Packaging — Reuse — nMethods for assessing nthe performance of a nreuse system《包装 回收 评价回收再利用系统的方法》.pdf

1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 14520:2007 Packaging Reuse Methods for assessing the performance of a reuse system ICS 13.030.50; 55.180.40 PD CEN/TR 14520:2007 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 September 2007 BSI 2007 ISBN 97

2、8 0 580 57985 1 National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 14520:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. T

3、his publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR14520 July2007 ICS13.030.50;55.180.40 English

4、Version PackagingReuseMethodsforassessingtheperformanceof areusesystem EmballageRutilisationMthodedvaluationdela performancedunsystmederutilisation VerpackungWiederverwendungVerfahrenzur EinschtzungderLeistungsfhigkeiteines Wiederverwendungssystems ThisTechnicalReportwasapprovedbyCENon25May2007.Itha

5、sbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC261. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,P ortugal, Romania,Slovakia,Sl

6、ovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2007CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR14520

7、:2007:E2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope5 2 Terms and definitions .5 3 Methods of calculation6 3.1 Open and closed loop systems6 3.1.1 Principle6 3.1.2 Calculation of average number of rotations in the system during the calculation period 6 3.1.3 Calculation of reuse ratio7 3.1.4 Cal

8、culation of average number of rotations in the system during the packaging lifetime8 3.2 Hybrid system8 4 Factors influencing the calculation .8 4.1 Selection of calculation period.8 4.2 Selection of measurement point 9 4.3 Market fluctuation and product lifecycle.9 Annex A (informative) Trips and r

9、otations10 Annex B (informative) Examples of average number of rotations and reuse ratio calculations 11 B.1 Average number of rotations11 B.1.1 Example 1.11 B.1.2 Example 2.11 B.1.3 Example 3.12 B.1.4 Example 4.12 B.2 Reuse ratio - General example:13 B.3 Rotations during the packaging lifetime .13

10、Bibliography 14 CEN/TR 14520:20073 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 14520:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent righ

11、ts. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. CEN/TR 14520:20074 Introduction The methods set out in this Technical Report are both capable of giving realistic results in the relevant circumstances. Experience over time with the results will indi

12、cate the levels of performance that are being achieved. CEN/TR 14520:20075 1 Scope This Technical Report gives methods of assessing the performance of a reuse system related to the proportion of reused packaging in use. This may be measured by: the average number of rotations during a calculation pe

13、riod and the lifetime; or the reuse ratio. The choice of method will vary according to the type of reuse system and information available. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 trip transfer of packaging, from filling/loading to emp

14、tying/unloading. A trip can be part of a rotation 2.2 rotation cycle undergone by reusable packaging from filling/loading to filling/loading. A rotation will always contain a trip 2.3 population total number of a packaging type, empty or filled, in that whole reuse system 2.4 claiming company packer

15、/filler who is making a claim of reusable for a type of packaging, in the circumstances of its intended use 2.5 reuse ratio ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the number of movements of reused packaging to the number of movements of all the packaging at the measurement point (see definition 2.7) o

16、ver the calculation period (see definition 2.6) 2.6 calculation period period over which the number of trips or reuse ratio is calculated NOTE This should be of adequate duration to smooth out the effects of seasonal variation, product lifetime, packaging inputs and other factors which can affect th

17、e calculation. 2.7 measurement point point in the rotation loop at which the information for the calculation is gathered NOTE Examples of some possible measurement points are given in 4.2. 2.8 newly manufactured packaging newly purchased packaging entering the system for the first time to increase t

18、he population or replace all types of losses CEN/TR 14520:20076 2.9 system adjustment increase or decrease of population of a packaging type due to market fluctuation 2.10 system losses all types of losses of packaging from the system 2.11 closed loop system system in which reusable packaging is cir

19、culated by a company or a co-operating group of companies 2.12 open loop system system in which reusable packaging circulates amongst unspecified companies 2.13 hybrid system system consisting of two parts: a) reusable packaging, remaining with the end user, for which there exists no redistribution

20、system leading to commercial refilling; b) one way packaging, used as an auxiliary product to transport the contents to the reusable packaging 2.14 lifetime period from the first use of the packaging until it is no longer in use and becomes waste 3 Methods of calculation 3.1 Open and closed loop sys

21、tems 3.1.1 Principle The performance of a reuse system can be evaluated by calculating either the average number of rotations (see definition 2.2) or the reuse ratio. The population figure needs to be known accurately to perform the calculation of the average number of rotations. In the cases where

22、this value can not be known, which includes most open loop systems, only the reuse ratio can be calculated. NOTE The packer/filler making the calculation will require the co-operation of all other partners in the system for that product. See EN 13429:2004, 5.1. 3.1.2 Calculation of average number of

23、 rotations in the system during the calculation period The simple equation to determine the average number of rotations of packaging in the system during the calculation period is: t sp p P Q N = where N pis the average number of rotations during the calculation period; CEN/TR 14520:20077 Q spis the

24、 total number of movements of packaging through the measurement point during the calculation period; NOTE 1 For pool systems this is the sum of all the packaging from all the packer/fillers. P t is the average population during the calculation period. Q spcan often be easily calculated from the numb

25、er of despatches or output from the packer/filler etc. However P tis rarely directly known and has to be calculated. A simplified version of this calculation is: 2 2 2 adj loss new in t P P P P P + = where P tis the average population during the calculation period; P inis the population at the start

26、 of the calculation period; P newis the total of newly manufactured packaging entering the system during the calculation period; P lossis the system losses during the calculation period; P adjis the system adjustments during the calculation period. NOTE 2 System adjustments take place when packaging

27、 is deliberately withdrawn from the system, for instance in the case of a fall in demand. P new , P lossand P adjare divided by two to give an approximate average over the calculation period. Where possible a more accurate average should be used. P newand P adjare often known, however P lossgenerall

28、y has to be assessed. Under long term steady state conditions, P lossis approximately equal to P new . 3.1.3 Calculation of reuse ratio 100 = sp reuse r Q Q R where R ris the reuse ratio; Q reuseis the total number of movements of reused packages through the measurement point during the calculation

29、period; Q s pis the total number of movements of packaging through the measurement point during the calculation period. In systems where only the reuse ratio can be calculated it should be noted that any percentage greater than zero is evidence of reuse. CEN/TR 14520:20078 3.1.4 Calculation of avera

30、ge number of rotations in the system during the packaging lifetime With long term experience, the average percentage loss per rotation and the average age of the population can be estimated. By multiplying the average number of rotations per year by the average age of the population an approximate f

31、igure for the number of rotations per lifetime can be calculated as follows: N I= N y A awhere N I is the approximate number of rotations per lifetime; N y is the average number of rotations per year; A ais the average age of population. The percentage loss per calculation period L %can be calculate

32、d by: L %= t loss P P 100 P tis the average population during the calculation period; P lossis the system losses during the calculation period; For estimating the percentage losses per rotation, the calculation period could be chosen to be one rotation. The inverse of the average percentage loss (L

33、% ) per rotation, gives an approximation of the number of rotations for the unit of packaging per lifetime. N Ican be calculated by N I= % L 1003.2 Hybrid system In a hybrid system the only quantities which are known are the number of reusable packages sold and the number of refills sold over the ca

34、lculation period. This ratio can only provide an approximation to the reuse ratio. It is therefore not appropriate to attempt to calculate the reuse ratio for the reusable component in a hybrid system. 4 Factors influencing the calculation 4.1 Selection of calculation period This should be of adequa

35、te duration and have a suitable start date to smooth out the effects of seasonal variation, product lifetime, packaging inputs and other factors which may affect the calculation. It is important that the period and start and end points chosen are used consistently for all future calculations of the

36、ratio. CEN/TR 14520:20079 4.2 Selection of measurement point The measurement point should be chosen to provide the greatest amount of information for the calculation. Examples are: point of sale; point of filling; completion of refurbishment; warehousing; third party warehousing; or any other conven

37、ient point in the system. The measurement point should be chosen so that it allows the differentiation of new and used packaging. It is important that the measurement point chosen is used consistently for all future calculations of the ratio. NOTE The measurement point is a point in the cycle, not n

38、ecessarily a single physical location. 4.3 Market fluctuation and product lifecycle A careful assessment of the state of the market for the product should be made and also for the development in that market of the product. These factors will influence the conclusions on the results of the calculatio

39、ns. CEN/TR 14520:200710 Annex A (informative) Trips and rotations The concepts of trips and rotations in reuse terms are defined in 3.3 and 3.4 of EN 13429:2004 and form the basis for any determination of effectiveness of any given reuse system. NB The size of flows do not correspond to the volumes

40、of the flows. Key 1 trip g packaging waste from reconditioning to material recycling 2 rotation h2 packaging designed for refill/reuse and supplied for the first filling/packaging 3 filling j used packaging lost and not collected due to litter and/or other factors 4 emptying k) used and reconditione

41、d packaging for filling/packaging again 5 C/S Collection/Sorting m) used packaging designed for refill/reuse leaving the refill/reuse loop for waste management 6 for refill/reuse v packaging returned after collection/sorting of used one way packaging in the refill/reuse loop and used again (e.g. woo

42、den crates) 7 reconditioning x) material loss 8 reusable NOTE 1 Losses may occur anywhere in the loop. NOTE 2 This flow chart is an extract from EN 13437 and is introduced to clarify the terms “trip” and “rotation”. Figure A.1 Reuse process flow chart CEN/TR 14520:200711 Annex B (informative) Exampl

43、es of average number of rotations and reuse ratio calculations B.1 Average number of rotations B.1.1 Example 1 A system with no losses, adjustments and therefore no new packaging. If we have: P in= 100 units of packaging and Q sp= 1 000 throughputs at the measurement point during the calculation per

44、iod (for example, one year) P newand P lossand P adjare zero; For the calculation of P t we apply the following equation: 2 2 2 adj loss new in t P P P P P + = : Therefore P t= P inThe average number of rotations t sp p P Q N = will be: N p= 1 000/100 = 10 B.1.2 Example 2 A balanced system with loss

45、es replaced by new input. If we have: P in = 100 units of packaging, Q sp= 1 000 throughputs at a measurement point and losses and broken packaging P loss= 10 an equivalent number of new packaging P new= 10 P adjis zero For the calculation of P twe apply the following equation: 2 2 2 adj loss new in

46、 t P P P P P + = which will give: P t = 100 + 10/2 10/2 P t = 100 CEN/TR 14520:200712 The average number of rotations will be according to the following equation: t sp p P Q N = N p= 1 000/100 = 10 B.1.3 Example 3 A system being reduced by adjustments and no replacement of losses. An alternative sys

47、tem requirement to example 3: showing a constant throughput, but resulting in higher rotations. If we have: P in = 100 units of packaging Q sp= 1 000 throughputs at a measurement point and a lot of losses and broken packaging P loss= 10 number of new packaging P new= 0 P adjis 30 For the calculation

48、 of P t we apply the following equation: 2 2 2 adj loss new in t P P P P P + = which will give: P t = 100 10/2 30/2 P t = 80 The average number of rotations will be according to the following equation: t sp p P Q N = N p= 1 000/80 = 12,5 B.1.4 Example 4 A system being reduced by adjustments and no replacement of losses. Showing a constant average number of rotations and reduced throughputs. If we have: P in = 100 units of packaging Q sp= 800 throughputs at a measurement point and a lot of losses and broken packaging P loss= 10 number of new packaging P new= 0 P adjis 30 CEN/TR 14520:2007