1、PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 ICS 75.160.10 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW PUBLISHED DOCUMENT Solid biofuels A guide for a quality assurance systemThis Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2009
2、 BSI 2009 ISBN 978 0 580 58187 8 Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Comments PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15569:2009. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/17, Solid biofu
3、els. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunit
4、y from legal obligations.PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 15569 July 2009 ICS 75.160.10 English Version Solid biofuels - A guide for a quality assurance system Biocombustibles solides - Guide du systme dassurance Qualit Feste Biobrennstoffe - Leitlin
5、ie fr ein Qualittssicherungssystem This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 22 January 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 335. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany
6、, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Ma
7、nagement Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 15569:2009: EPD CEN/TR 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative re
8、ferences 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Background 6 4.1 General 6 4.2 Purpose of this guide 6 5 Quality Assurance principles .7 5.1 General 7 5.2 Comparison of Quality Control and Quality Assurance 7 5.3 Previous, Current and Following Processes 8 5.4 Quality requirements 10 6 Designing a system fo
9、r solid biofuels quality assurance 12 6.1 General . 12 6.2 Step 1 Description of process chain . 13 6.3 Step 2 Description of customers requirements 15 6.4 Step 3 Analysis of quality influencing factors 18 6.5 Step 4 Identification of Critical Control Points . 20 6.6 Step 5 Selection of appropriate
10、Quality Assurance measures . 23 6.7 Step 6 Routines for separate handling nonconforming materials and biofuels . 26 Annex A (informative) EN ISO 9001:2008 Useful cross references within this guide . 27 Annex B (informative) List of CEN/TC 335 Technical Specifications . 28 Bibliography . 30 PD CEN/TR
11、 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15569:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. CEN/TC 335 has received a mandate from the European Commission (EC) to develop Standards for solid biofuels. T
12、he documents produced by CEN/TC 335 Solid biofuels were based on the information available at the time when they were developed. The BioNorm project (EC part-funded) was designed to provide supporting information to CEN/TC 335 on solid biofuels. Part of the BioNorm Project (ENK6-CT2001-00556) was de
13、signed to fill the gaps in the understanding of Quality Assurance in this field 16. This guide has been developed from the outcomes of the BioNorm-project by Working Group 2 of CEN/TC 335 and provides information on how to develop and implement a Quality Assurance system within the solid biofuels in
14、dustry. PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 4 Introduction Quality Assurance is defined as the “part of Quality Management focussed on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled” (CEN/TS 15234). To achieve this, the processes in the supply chain need to be in control. Ef
15、fective control can be achieved, if Quality Assurance is being applied by each operator in the supply chain. A well designed Quality Assurance system for solid biofuels can contribute to a more transparent and efficient biofuel market. Based upon the requirements of the customer, and the known stren
16、gths and weaknesses of a raw material and a process, operators can demonstrate they have taken the measures to provide the desired quality. This establishes a confidence in the products. In this guide “product” refers to the solid biofuel. Clause 4 sets out the reasoning behind using a Quality Assur
17、ance system for solid biofuels, and Clause 6 defines the intentions of this guide and its interconnection with the CEN/TS 15234, Solid Biofuels Fuel Quality Assurance, from now on called “CEN/TS 15234“ in this guide. The terms used in this guide are set out in CEN/TS 14588 and CEN/TS 15234. Clause 7
18、 sets out a step-by-step methodology to help operators within the solid biofuel supply chain to design a Quality Assurance System. The methodologies used in this guide are compliant with the requirements of CEN/TS 15234. However, this guide does not distinguish between different groups of operators
19、(e.g. producer, supplier, etc.); it provides general guidance for the Quality Assurance applicable to each group of operators. Annex A provides some guidance on the relevant parts of ISO 9001:2008 1 and Annex B lists CEN/TC 335 Technical Specifications and Technical Reports. It is recommended that a
20、 company specific manual is produced to reflect the Quality Assurance System. The guidance and instructions given in this guide are recommendations, not requirements. The requirements to be fulfilled for Quality Assurance are set out in CEN/TS 15234. PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 5 1 Sc
21、ope This guide has been developed to provide information about the Solid Biofuel Quality Assurance, and presents a methodology that helps operators in the solid biofuels industry design an appropriate Quality Assurance system according to their demands. It acts as a supporting document for the appli
22、cation of CEN/TS 15234, Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance, developed by CEN/TC 335. This guide is applicable for all operators dealing with solid biofuels within the scope of CEN/TC 335 from the following sources (CEN/TS 14961): products from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from agricu
23、lture and forestry; vegetable waste from food processing industry; wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood waste originated fro
24、m construction and demolition waste; fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co- incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; cork waste. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensabl
25、e for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CEN/TS 14588:2003, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions CEN/TS 14961:2005, Solid
26、 biofuels Fuel specification and classes CEN/TS 15234:2006, Solid biofuels Fuel Quality Assurance 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588:2003 and CEN/TS 15234:2006 (CENTerminology, definitions and descriptions for solid biofuels) an
27、d the following apply. 3.1 manual process or site specific document reflecting all activities related to the quality assurance system implemented and applied in practise 16 PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 6 4 Background 4.1 General The term “solid biofuel” encompasses a wide range of mate
28、rials with different characteristics and properties, as well as supply chains. Standardisation of solid biofuel properties, their sampling and test methodologies will provide tools to facilitate the trade and use of solid biofuels within the market. In order to increase the confidence of customers,
29、it is essential that operators demonstrate that the specified quality is reached, and that adequate controls are in place throughout the supply chain. The specified quality can be influenced by a series of different factors, including technology and management of the processes. Customers are becomin
30、g increasingly aware of the impact of variations in fuel quality; consequently, large customers often test for properties important to them. In extreme cases, deliveries may be rejected when the quality is outside an agreed specification tolerance. If operators want to avoid such rejections, they sh
31、ould introduce controls at suitable places across the whole supply chain, so called Critical Control Points (see 7.4) By processing consistently, an operator will improve the stability, efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. The Quality Assurance System should be designed to support this. Th
32、e effect of this will be to reduce the volume of sampling and testing required. The term “specified quality” refers not only to fuel properties but also to the other customer requirements. Those requirements differ from case to case and can vary greatly. However, most fall within two sets of circums
33、tances: small-scale end-users (especially domestic) who require high-grade fuels with narrow fuel specifications; large-scale end-users who can take advantage of lower-cost raw materials by the use of appropriately designed, fuel-flexible combustion plant 4. It is important when designing and implem
34、enting a Quality Assurance System that it takes into consideration the existing operation. The Quality Assurance System should follow the process, not vice versa and be aware of the level and amount of sampling and testing required. EXAMPLE: Operational time of the die used in a pellet factory The l
35、onger the operational time the die runs in a pellet factory the more detrimental effect there is on the pellet quality due to ware on the die holes. Quality Assurance systems should require Quality Control data to be provided to assess the length of time the die has been running and hence the operat
36、ional running time of each die and a comparison between the dies, can be reviewed against expected running times. From this data a number of different conclusions can be drawn and process changes made as appropriate. Companies dealing with solid biofuels cover a wide range of activities. Some buy so
37、lid biomass, such as residues from agriculture and/or forestry and convert it into higher-grade biofuels, while others only need low- grade biofuels to produce electricity and heat. Each company requires a Quality Assurance System; however, their individual Quality Assurance requirements and systems
38、 are likely to be different in each case. This guide is recommended to cover the supply chain up to the delivery to the end-user. 4.2 Purpose of this guide The purpose of this guide is to be of help when designing a Fuel Quality Assurance system based on CEN/TS 15234. The approach and methods used i
39、n this guide are compatible with CEN/TS 15234 and gives an overview of the most relevant clauses in CEN/TS 15234 (see Table 1). PD CEN/TR 15569:2009 CEN/TR 15569:2009 (E) 7 For those using or contemplating using EN ISO 9000:2005 2 this document aims at bridging the gap between the generalised text o
40、f EN ISO 9001:2008 and the specific needs of operators in the solid biofuel market. This guide does not discuss adaptations to production processes, nor does it set any pre-conditions in respect of specific technologies or technological processes. 5 Quality Assurance principles 5.1 General Quality M
41、anagement EN ISO 9000:2005/EN ISO 9001:2008 is based on four elements, as shown in Figure 1 below. The application of these elements and their different measures depends on the individual circumstances. Figure 1 EN ISO 9000:2005 - Main elements of Quality Management Each of these elements has its ow
42、n measures and approaches. The Technical Specification for Fuel Quality Assurance (CEN/TS 15234) covers Quality Control and Quality Assurance. 5.2 Comparison of Quality Control and Quality Assurance It is important to understand the differences between Quality Control and Quality Assurance. Quality
43、Control is fundamentally about controlling the quality of a product or process to enable the delivery of the product or service within agreed parameters in the most efficient and effective way. The consequences of having good Quality Control will be a cost effective product and process. EXAMPLE 1: Q
44、uality control of a pellet factory A pellet factory operator will sample and record the pellet moisture content over the shift. If the moisture alters outside given parameters the process will be adjusted to bring the moisture content back within specification. If the process of drying the feedstock
45、 is known to be problematic and the operator does not monitor the moisture content in an appropriate timescale, the company could have produced many hours worth of non-conforming pellets before the issue is picked up. If the problem occurred in the first hour and the test is carried out at the end o
46、f a twelve-hour shift, there could be eleven hours worth of product that is non-conforming. This is potentially very costly to the company. EXAMPLE 2: Quality control of a wood chip producer A wood chip producer has an agreement with a customer to provide no more than 5 % oversized chips. When the c
47、hipper blades are blunt the producer knows the chipper makes out of specification chips. If the producer has a tendency to keep using the same blades without sharpening them or changing them to reduce the chippers downtime, the consequences could be to produce more than the 5 % oversized chips that
48、the customer requires, with Quality Management Quality Planning focused on: Setting quality objectives and specifying necessary operational processes and resources required to fulfil the quality objectives Quality Control focused on: Fulfilling quality requirements Quality Assurance focused on: Prov
49、iding confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled Quality Improvement focused on: Increasing the ability to fulfil quality requirements Quality Management Quality Planning focused on: Setting quality objectives and specifying necessary operational processes and resources required to fulfil the quality objectives Quality Control focused on: Fulfilling quality requirements Quality Assurance focused on: Providing confidence that quality requiremen
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