1、BSI Standards Publication Hydrometry Groundwater Surface geophysical surveys for hydrogeological purposes PD ISO/TR 21414:2016National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 21414:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee CPI/113,
2、 Hydrometry, to Subcommittee CPI/113/1, Hydrometric methods and instrumentation. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its c
3、orrect application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 79191 8 ICS 07.060 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy an
4、d Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO 2016 Hydrometry Groundwater Surface geophysical surveys for hydrogeological purposes Hydromtrie Eaux souterraines Relevs gophysiques de surface pour de
5、s besoins hydrogologiques TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21414 Reference number ISO/TR 21414:2016(E) First edition 2016-02-15 PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specif
6、ied, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO
7、s member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 T erms and d
8、efinitions . 1 3 Units of measurement . 5 4 Purpose of geophysical survey . 5 5 Planning . 6 5.1 General considerations 6 5.2 Access to the area . 6 5.3 Equipment . 6 5.4 Safety and precautions in operation 6 5.5 Planning of survey . . 7 5.6 Quality control in field data collection . 7 5.7 Site/area
9、 details . 7 6 Electrical resistivity. 7 6.1 Purpose 7 6.2 Principles of measurement 8 6.3 Instruments 13 6.4 Field procedures .13 6.5 Processing of data .15 6.6 Interpretation .15 6.7 Advantages 17 6.8 Disadvantages .17 6.9 Limitations .17 7 Self-potential .18 7.1 Purpose .18 7.2 Principles of meas
10、urement .18 7.3 Instrument .18 7.4 Field procedures .18 7.5 Processing of data .19 7.6 Interpretation .19 7.7 Advantages 19 7.8 Disadvantages .19 7.9 Limitations .19 8 Frequency domain electromagnetic (horizontal loop) .20 8.1 Purpose .20 8.2 Principles of measurement .20 8.3 Instrument .21 8.4 Fiel
11、d procedures .21 8.5 Processing of data .22 8.6 Interpretations .22 8.7 Advantages 22 8.8 Disadvantages .23 8.9 Limitations .23 9 Transient (time domain) electromagnetic .23 9.1 Purpose .23 9.2 Principles of measurement .23 9.3 Instrument .23 9.4 Field procedures .24 9.5 Processing of data .24 9.6 I
12、nterpretation .24 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)9.7 Advantages 24 9.8 Disadvantages .24 9.9 Limitations .25 10 Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic .25 10.1 Purpose .25 10.2 Principles of measurement .25 10.3 Instrument .25 10.4 Field pro
13、cedures .26 10.5 Processing of data .26 10.6 Interpretation .26 10.7 Advantages 27 10.8 Disadvantages .27 10.9 Limitations .27 11 Seismic refraction.27 11.1 Purpose .27 11.2 Principles of measurement .27 11.3 Instruments 31 11.4 Field procedure .31 11.5 Processing of data .32 11.6 Interpretation .32
14、 11.7 Advantages 32 11.8 Disadvantages .32 11.9 Limitations .32 12 S eismic r eflection .32 12.1 Purpose .32 12.2 Principles of measurement .33 12.3 Instrument .33 12.4 Field procedures .33 12.5 Acquisition and processing of data 34 12.6 Interpretation .34 12.7 Advantages 34 12.8 Disadvantages .34 1
15、2.9 Limitations .35 12.10 Comparison of seismic refraction and reflection methods 35 13 Magnetic .35 13.1 Purpose .35 13.2 Principles of measurement .35 13.3 Instrument .36 13.4 Field procedures .36 13.5 Processing of data .37 13.6 Interpretation .38 13.7 Advantages 38 13.8 Disadvantages .38 13.9 Li
16、mitations .38 14 Gravity 38 14.1 Purpose .38 14.2 Principles of measurement .38 14.3 Instrument .39 14.4 Field procedure .39 14.5 Processing of data .39 14.6 Micro-gravity measurements 39 14.7 Interpretation .40 14.8 Advantages 40 14.9 Disadvantages .40 14.10 Limitations .40 iv ISO 2016 All rights r
17、eserved PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)15 Other techniques .40 15.1 Induced polarization .40 15.1.1 Purpose .40 15.1.2 Principles of measurement 41 15.1.3 Instrument .41 15.1.4 Field procedures .41 15.1.5 Processing of data 42 15.1.6 Interpretation 42 15.1.7 Advantages .42 15.1.8 Disadvant
18、ages .42 15.1.9 Limitations .42 15.2 Mise-a-la-masse 42 15.2.1 Purpose .42 15.2.2 Principles of measurement 42 15.2.3 Instrument .43 15.2.4 Field procedures .43 15.2.5 Processing of data 43 15.2.6 Interpretation 43 15.2.7 Advantages .44 15.2.8 Disadvantages .44 15.2.9 Limitations .44 15.3 Ground-Pen
19、etrating Radar (GPR) 44 15.3.1 Purpose .44 15.3.2 Principles of measurements .44 15.3.3 Field procedures and data acquisition .45 15.3.4 Interpretation 47 15.3.5 Advantages .49 15.3.6 Disadvantages .49 16 Report writing and presentation of results .50 Bibliography .52 ISO 2016 All rights reserved v
20、PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member
21、body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electr
22、otechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
23、 ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
24、 responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information
25、 given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the fol
26、lowing URL: Foreword - Supplementary information. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 8, Ground water.vi ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E) Introduction Groundwater is available almost everywhere. Access to clean
27、water is a human right and a basic requirement for economic development. The safest kind of water supply is the use of groundwater. However, its distribution is not uniform due to varying hydrogeological, topographical and climatic conditions. As a result, groundwater is not always available in the
28、required quantity and/or quality, particularly in hard rock terrains where fractures and weathered zones are the primary conduits for groundwater storage and flow. Detailed knowledge on the extent, hydraulic properties, and vulnerability of groundwater reservoirs is necessary to enable a sustainable
29、 use of the resources. Therefore, collection of information on prospective groundwater zones, although costly, is essential. Geophysical methods are currently recognized as cost-effective techniques useful for collecting groundwater information. Measuring physical properties of the earth and their v
30、ariation and then associating these properties with hydrogeological characteristics is the objective of groundwater geophysics. Of the various geophysical techniques available today, the electrical resistivity method is probably most commonly used due to its relatively simple and economical field op
31、eration, its effective response to groundwater conditions and the relative ease with which interpretations can be made. This type of survey is occasionally supplemented by other techniques such as induced polarization, spontaneous potential, and Mise-a-la-Masse galvanic electrical techniques. Other
32、geophysical methods in order of preference used for hydrogeological purpose are electromagnetic, seismic refraction, magnetic, gravity and seismic reflection surveys. More recently developed geophysical techniques include ground probing radar and nuclear magnetic resonance. Because surface geophysic
33、al surveys are carried out at the surface of the earth, the responses received from different precisional demarcations. Ambiguity exists in interpreted results and the effective application of these methods often depends on the skill and experience of the investigator, knowledge of local hydrogeolog
34、ical conditions, and the utility (and limitations) of the technique(s) themselves. The application of two or more geophysical techniques is a useful approach to reduce ambiguity. Integration of information from other disciplines, such as remote sensing, geologic mapping, hydrogeological characteriza
35、tion, chemical analysis of well water samples, etc., is also useful for interpreting geophysical field data. Modern geophysical techniques are highly advanced in terms of instrumentation, field data acquisition, and interpretation. Field data are digitized to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and co
36、mputers are used to more accurately analyse and interpret the data. However, the present-day potential of geophysical techniques has probably not been fully realized, not only because such surveys can be expensive, but also because of the inadequate understanding of the application of relevant techn
37、iques in diverse hydrogeological conditions. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vii PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 Hydrometry Groundwater Surface geophysical surveys for hydrogeological purposes 1 Scope The application of geophysical methods is an evolving science that can address a variety of objectives in groundw
38、ater investigations. However, because the successful application of geophysical methods depends on the available technology, logistics, and expertise of the investigator, there can be no single set of field procedures or approaches prescribed for all cases. This Technical Report provides guidelines
39、that are useful for conducting geophysical surveys for a variety of objectives (including environmental aspects), within the limits of modern-day instrumentation and interpretive techniques, are provided. The more commonly used field techniques and practices are described, with an emphasis on electr
40、ical resistivity, electromagnetic, and seismic refraction techniques as these are widely used in groundwater exploration. Theoretical aspects and details of interpretational procedures are referred to only in a general way. For full details, reference is intended to be made to specialized texts list
41、ed in the Bibliography. 2 T erms a nd definiti ons For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 acoustic impedance product of seismic velocity and density of a layer 2.2 anisotropy variation in physical property with direction of measurement 2.3 apparent resistiv
42、ity ratio of measured voltage to input current multiplied by the geometric factor (2.16) for the electrode configuration 2.4 blind zone layer having seismic velocity less than that in the layer overlying it 2.5 Bouguer correction correction made in observed gravity data to account for the attraction
43、 (gravitational) of the rock between the datum and the plane of measurement 2.6 Bouguer anomaly anomaly obtained after applying latitude, terrain, and elevation (free air and Bouguer) corrections to the observed gravity value and finally subtracting it from measured value at some particular station
44、in the survey area 2.7 contact resistance electrical resistance developed between an electrode planted in the ground and the ground material immediately surrounding it TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21414:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1 PD ISO/TR 21414:2016 ISO/TR 21414:2016(E) 2.8 Dar Zarrouk param
45、eters longitudinal unit conductance and transverse unit resistance of a geoelectrical layer 2.9 deconvolution process of inverse filtering to nullify the undesired effect of an earlier filter operation 2.10 d ip ole - d ip ole e le c t r o d e c on f i g u r at ion configuration in which the spacing
46、 between the current electrode pair and that between the potential electrode pair is considerably small in comparison with the distance between these two pairs 2.11 diurnal correction correction applied to magnetic data to compensate for daily fluctuations of the geomagnetic field 2.12 drift correct
47、ion quantitative adjustment to account for a uniform change in the reference value with time 2.13 eddy current current induced in a conductive body by the primary electromagnetic (EM) field 2.14 equivalence function of product or ratio of two parameters (e.g. bed thickness and resistivity) where var
48、iation in the parameters keeping the ratio or product constant can yield almost the same response 2.15 geoelectrical layer subsurface layer having characteristic of uniform electrical resistivity 2.16 geometric factor numerical value dependent upon the arrangement of electrodes which, when multiplie
49、d by the measured voltage-to-current ratio, gives the apparent resistivity (2.3) 2.17 geophone instrument which detects seismic energy and converts it into electrical voltage 2.18 g r ad i e nt c on f i g u r at ion variation of the Schlumberger configuration (2.38) where the current electrodes are kept at a great distance from one another and central space is scanned by a small potential dipole 2.19 h a l f S c h l u m b e r g e r c o n f i g u r a t i o n configuration in which one of the current electrodes is kept at infinity (l
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