BS PD ISO TS 16976-1-2015 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates《呼吸保护装置 人类因素 代谢速率和呼吸流动速率》.pdf

1、BSI Standards Publication Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 16976-1:2015. It supersedes DD ISO/TS 16976-1:2007 which is withdrawn. The UK p

2、articipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PH/4, Respiratory protection. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are res

3、ponsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 88531 0 ICS 13.340.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of th

4、e Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO 2015 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates Appareils de protection

5、respiratoire Facteurs humains Partie 1: Rgimes mtaboliques et rgimes des dbits respiratoires TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16976-1 Reference number ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) Second edition 2015-12-01 PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUM

6、ENT ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written

7、permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org PD ISO/TS 169

8、76-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Activity and metabolic rate 2 5 Metabolic rate and oxygen consumption 4 6 Oxygen consumption and minute volume 5 7 Minute volume and peak inspiratory flow rates . 7 7.1 Norma

9、l breathing 7 7.2 Speech and breathing 8 7.3 Sneezing and coughing 10 8 Individual variation and gender aspects 12 Annex A (informative) Examples for the use of data .15 Bibliography .18 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents Page PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the In

10、ternational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee h

11、as been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical

12、 standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in a

13、ccordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. De

14、tails of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an

15、 endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee

16、 responsible for this document is ISO/TC 94, Personal safety Protective clothing and equipment, Subcommittee SC 15, Respiratory protective devices. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 16976-1:2007), of which it constitutes a major revision with the following technical

17、change: 7.3 has been added. ISO/TS 16976 consists of the following parts, under the general title Respiratory protective devices Human factors: Part 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates Technical Specification Part 2: Anthropometrics Technical Specification Part 3: Physiological responses a

18、nd limitations of oxygen and limitations of carbon dioxide in the breathing environment Technical Specification Part 4: Work of breathing and breathing resistance: Physiologically based limits Technical Specification Part 5: Thermal effects Technical Specification Part 6: Psycho-physiological effect

19、s Technical Specification Part 7: Hearing and speech Technical Specification Part 8: Ergonomic factors Technical Specificationiv ISO 2015 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) Introduction For an appropriate design, selection, and use of respiratory protective devices, it

20、 is important to consider the basic physiological demands of the user. The type and intensity of work affect the metabolic rate (energy expenditure) of the wearer. The weight and weight distribution of the device on the human body also may influence metabolic rate. Metabolic rate is directly correla

21、ted with oxygen consumption, which determines the respiratory demands and flow rates. The work of breathing is influenced by the air flow resistances of the device and the lung airways. The work (or energy cost) of a breath is related to the pressure gradient created by the breathing muscles and the

22、 volume that is moved in and out of the lung during the breath. Anthropometric and biomechanical data are required for the appropriate design of various components of a respiratory protective device, as well as for the design of relevant test methods. This part of ISO/TS 16976 is the first part of a

23、 series of documents providing basic physiological and anthropometric data on humans. It contains information about metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates for various types of physical activity. ISO 2015 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 Respiratory protective devices Human factors Pa

24、rt 1: Metabolic rates and respiratory flow rates 1 Scope This part of ISO/TS 16976 provides information on factors related to human anthropometry, physiology, ergonomics, and performance for the preparation of standards for performance requirements, testing, and use of respiratory protective devices

25、. This part of ISO/TS 16976 contains information related to respiratory and metabolic responses to rest and work at various intensities. Information is provided for the following: metabolic rates associated with various intensities of work; oxygen consumption as a function of metabolic rate and minu

26、te ventilation for persons representing three body sizes; peak inspiratory flow rates during conditions of speech and no speech for persons representing three body sizes as a function of metabolic rates. The information contained within this part of ISO/TS 16976 represents data for healthy adult men

27、 and women of approximately 30 years of age, but is applicable for the age range of the general population. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the editi

28、on cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 8996:2004, Ergonomics of the thermal environment Determination of metabolic rate 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definiti

29、ons apply. 3.1 aerobic energy production biochemical process in the human cells that delivers energy by combustion of fat, carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, protein in the presence of oxygen, with water and carbon dioxide as end products 3.2 anaerobic energy production biochemical process in th

30、e human cells that delivers energy by combustion of carbohydrates without oxygen, with lactic acid as the end product 3.3 ambient temperature pressure saturated ATPS standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameters related to expired air Note 1 to entry: Actual ambient temperature and

31、 atmospheric pressure; saturated water vapour pressure. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1 PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) 3.4 ambient temperature pressure humidity ATPH standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameters related t

32、o inspired air Note 1 to entry: Actual ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure and water vapour pressure. 3.5 breath cycle respiratory period comprising an inhalation and an exhalation phase 3.6 body temperature pressure saturated BTPS standard condition for the expression of ventilation parameter

33、s Note 1 to entry: Body temperature (37 C), atmospheric pressure 101,3 kPa (760 mmHg), and water vapour pressure (6,27 kPa) in saturated air. 3.7 peak inspiratory flow rate highest instantaneous flow rate during the inhalation phase of a breath cycle Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in l/s BTPS. Not

34、e 2 to entry: L/s is the preferred unit as the flow takes place during only a short fraction of the breath cycle. 3.8 minute ventilation V E total volume of air inspired (or expired) in the lungs during 1 min Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in l/s BTPS. 3.9 oxygen consumption V O2 amount of oxygen

35、consumed by the human tissues for aerobic energy production Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in l/min STPD. 3.10 physical work capacity ability of a person to engage in muscular work 3.11 standard temperature pressure dry STPD standard conditions for expression of oxygen consumption Note 1 to entry:

36、 Standard temperature (0 C) and pressure (101,3 kPa, 760 mmHg), dry air (0 % relative humidity). 4 Activity and metabolic rate Users of respiratory protective devices (RPD) perform physical work at various intensities. Physical work, in particular when associated with large muscle groups as is the c

37、ase with firefighting, requires high levels of metabolic energy production (metabolic rate). The energy is produced in human cells by aerobic or anaerobic processes. Aerobic energy production is by far the most common form of energy yield for all types of human cells. It is also the normal form of e

38、nergy production for the muscles. Depending on physical fitness and other 2 ISO 2015 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 16976-1:2015 ISO/TS 16976-1:2015(E) factors, humans can sustain high levels of aerobic energy production for long periods of time. Very high activity levels, however, can only be sustai

39、ned for short periods of time (minutes) and they also engage the anaerobic energy yielding processes. The associated production of lactic acid is one reason for the early development of fatigue and exhaustion. Aerobic energy production is strictly dependent on the constant delivery of oxygen to the

40、active cells. Oxygen is extracted from inspired air, bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells in the alveolar capillaries and transported to the target tissues via the circulation. Consequently, there is a direct, linear relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption and the metabolic rate. The

41、relationship is described in ISO 8996. Table 1 of this part of ISO/TS 16976 is derived from ISO 8996:2004, Table A.2, which defines five classes of metabolic rate. This table forms the basis for developing a standard for the assessment of heat stress. The classes represent types of work found in ind

42、ustry. The figures represent average metabolic rates for work periods or full work shifts, generally including breaks. Metabolic rate shall not be confused with external work rates, such as those defined on a bicycle ergometer. Rescue work and firefighting are by nature temporary and often unpredict

43、able. Activities may become very demanding and high levels of metabolic rate have been reported in References 1, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 23, and 25. According to Reference 21, mean values for oxygen uptake of between 40 ml/ (kg min) and 45 ml/(kg min) are reported for the most demanding tasks in firefig

44、hting drills (see References 6, 8, and 13). Assuming an average body weight of 80 kg, the absolute oxygen uptake is between about 3,2 l/min and 3,6 l/min. In Reference 21, mean values of (2,4 0,5) l/min for a 17-min test drill exercise were reported; Reference 16 reported a mean value of (2,75 0,3)

45、l/min for a 22-min test drill. The average value for the most demanding task (ascending a tower) was (3,55 0,27) l/min. The range of values for this task was between 3,24 l/min and 4,13 l/min. This corresponded to average metabolic rates of 474 W/m 2 and 612 W/m 2 , respectively. Table 1 Classificat

46、ion of work based on metabolic rate (MR) Class Work Average metabolic rate W/m 2 1 Resting 65 2 Light work 100 3 Moderate work 165 4 Heavy work 230 5 Very heavy work 290 6 Very, very heavy work (2 h) 400 7 Extremely heavy work (15 min) 475 8 Maximal work (5 min) 600 NOTE The first five classes in th

47、is table are derived from ISO 8996. These classes are valid for repeated activities during work shifts in every day occupational exposure. Classes 6 to 8 are added as examples of metabolic rates associated with temporary activities of an escape and rescue nature while wearing RPD. Table 1 of this pa

48、rt of ISO/TS 16976 contains three additional classes compared with ISO 8996:2004, Table A.2, in order to cover work that is, by its nature, limited by time, such as firefighting and rescue. One class refers to sustained rescue action, as can be found in mining or in wild land firefighting, with time

49、 periods of up to 2 h of work (class 6). The other two classes refer to firefighting or rescue operations of short duration and very high intensity, i.e. 15 min (class 7) and 5 min (class 8), respectively. Table 1 presents values expected from individuals with a high level of physical fitness. The highest class (class 8) represents maximal or close to maximal work and can only be endured by fit men for durations of 3 min to 5 min. The three new classes