1、Bulletin on Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Oil and Gas ProductionAPI BULLETIN E2 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 2006Bulletin on Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in Oil and Gas ProductionUpstream SegmentAPI BULLETIN E2 SECOND EDITION, APRIL 2006
2、SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warr
3、anty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither AP
4、I nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, con-sultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon pri-vately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliab
5、ility of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having juri
6、sdiction with which this publi-cation may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these
7、 publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for
8、complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Any Bulletin may be used by anyone desiring to do so, and a diligent effort has been made by API to assure the accuracy
9、 and reliability of the data contained herein. However, the Insti-tute makes no representation, warranty or guarantee in connection with the publication of any Bulletin and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use, for any violation of any
10、federal, state, or municipal regulation with which an API recommendation may conflict, or for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of this publication.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic,
11、mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2006 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis bulletin on the management of naturally occurrin
12、g radioactive materials (NORM) has been prepared by API to provide relevant guidance to oil and gas operating companies. This publication is under the jurisdiction of the API Production Waste Issues Group under direc-tion of the Executive Committee of Environmental Conservation.Cooperative efforts b
13、etween federal and state regulatory agencies, industry, and other inter-ested parties are expected to generate much useful information regarding NORM in the next several years. This document will be updated as new scientific information becomes avail-able concerning NORM.Individuals and organization
14、s using this bulletin are cautioned that requirements of federal, state, and local regulations are constantly evolving and should be reviewed to determine whether the information in this bulletin is consistent with current laws and regulations.API makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in c
15、onnection with publication of this document and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by impli-cation or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of a
16、ny method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification a
17、nd participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API stan-dard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director
18、 of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or with
19、drawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterl
20、y by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . .11.3 NORM in oil and gas production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.4 Units of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 INFORMATION ON CONTROLLING THE DEPOSITION OF NO
23、RM-CONTAINING SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 Scale formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.2 Control of scale deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 SURVEY TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 Survey measurement and sampling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.2 Integration of survey techniques . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.3 Instrument care, maintenance, and calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.4 Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . .94 WORKER PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Program needs determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114.2 Working with NORM-impacted material . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124.3 Vessel entry procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 NORM REMOVAL GUIDELINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145.2 Personnel safety and environmental protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145.3 Cleaning methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . .156 STORAGE OF NORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.1 Storage site design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.2 Uncontained NORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.3 Contained NORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.4 Sealed openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . .166.5 Cleaning exterior surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.6 Preventing dispersal of NORM material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.7 Notifying employees and contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166.8 Worker protection guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176.9 Signs outside storage area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176.10 Labels on drums and eq
33、uipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176.11 Record keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 TRANSPORTING NORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . 187.1 Federal and state regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187.2 DOT definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187.3 Transportation guidelines for NORM
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 MANAGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT AND PROPERTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208.1 Regulationsproperty transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208.2 Review/assessmentproperty tran
36、sfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208.3 Disclosureproperty transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20vCONTENTSPage8.4 Regulationsproperty release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . .219 NORM DISPOSAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229.1 NORM waste categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229.2 Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229.3 Disposal at commercial low-level waste facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239.4 Disposal in a solid waste landfill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249.5 Equi
39、pment release to a smelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249.6 Landspreading and burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24APPENDIX A SOME PROPERTIES OF RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . 27APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF RADIATION TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31APPENDIX C LIMITS FOR RADIATION DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35APPENDIX D STATUTES AND REGULATIONS PERTAINING TO NORM. . . . . . 37APPENDIX E DISCUSSION OF REPORTS ON MANAGEMENT
41、 AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES FOR NORM-IMPACTED MATERIALS. . . . . . . . . .41FiguresA.1 U-238 Decay Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28A.2 Th-232 Decay Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . 29Tables1.1 Units of Radioactivity and Radiation Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Equipment Example Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.1 Exempt values for Ra-226 and Ra-228 as stat
43、ed in 49 CFR 173.436 . . . . . . . . . 187.2 Exempt values for Ra-226 and Ra-228 as stated in 49 CFR 173.436and as modified based on 173.401 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18C.1 Limits for radiation dose OSHA 1910.1096(b)(1) Table G-18 . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 . . . 35D.1 Summary Of Existing Oil And Gas Producing States NORMRegulations And Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37D.2 Conversion of NORM Regulations and Guidelines to SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39E.1 Description of Disposal M
45、ethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41E.2 Radiation Concentration and Exposure Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42E.3 Radium Source Concentration Limits for Disposal (picocuries/gram) . . . . . . . . . 42E.4 Estimated Activi
46、ties and Potential Doses Associated with Subsurfaceof 4.2 Million Gallons (100,000 Barrels) of NORM in a Generic Setting . . . . . . 44E.5 Estimated Activities and Potential Doses Associated with SubsurfaceInjection of 2,100 Gallons (50 Barrells) of Radioactive Effluent duringthe NORM Demonstration
47、Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441SECTION 1GENERAL1.1 INTRODUCTIONNaturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are present in oil and gas operations at some locations and can deposit in well tubulars, surface piping, vessels, pumps, and other pr
48、oducing and processing equipment. The purpose of this document is to inform oil and gas operators of the possible presence of NORM and to provide relevant information on protecting workers, the public, and the environment. The objective of this document is to provide general information to users so
49、that they have an under-standing of the fundamental radiation issues associated with the management of NORM. Issues where the advice of a professional health physicist, industrial hygienist, or other technical expert may be useful are identified and guidance provided. Readers are advised to contact their state regulatory office and work very closely with that office on all NORM issues.Radiation can result from both man-made and natural sources. Man-made sources include dental x-rays and well logging tools. Natural sources of radiation include the sun (cosmic rays) and radiation f
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