API MPMS 14.3.4-1992 Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14-Natural Gas Fluids Measurement - Section 3-Concentric Square-Edged Orifice Meters - Part 4-Background Deve.pdf

1、API MPMS*L4-3-4 92 W 0732290 0506280 O31 W Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14-Natural Gas Fluids Measurement Sect ion 3-Concent ric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters Part 4-Background, Development, Implementation Procedures and Subroutine Documentation THIRD EDITION, NOVEMBER, 1992 AGCI

2、 American Gas Association Report No. 3, Part 4 GPA 81 85-92, Pari 4 Gas Processors Association American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C. 20005 API MPMS*L4-3=4 92 9 0732290 0506283 T78 Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14-Natural Gas Fluids Measurement Sec

3、tion 3-Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters Part 4-BackgroundY Development, Implementation Procedures and Subroutine Documentation THIRD EDITION, NOVEMBER, 1992 American Petroleum Institute - - - - API MPMS*L4.3*V 72 0732270 050b282 904 SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLE

4、MS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MAN- UFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONC

5、ERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA S

6、HEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS UFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LEITERS PATENT. PR

7、ECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI- GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MAN- 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS

8、 REVIEW CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AFTER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CAT

9、ALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1992 American Petroleum Institute API MPMS*L4e3.4 92 0732290 0506283 840 FOREWORD This foreword is for information and is not part of this standard. Cha

10、pter 14, Section 3, Part 4 of the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards describes the background and development of the equation for the coefficient of discharge of flange-tapped square-edged concentric orifice meters and recommends a flow rate calcu- lation procedure. The recommended procedures

11、 provide consistent computational results for the quantification of fluid flow under defined conditions, regardless of the point of origin or destination, or the units of measure required by governmental customs or statute. The procedures allow different users with different computer languages on di

12、fferent computing hardware to arrive at almost identical results using the same standardized input data. This standard has been developed through the cooperative efforts of many individuals under the sponsorship of the American Petroleum Institute, API, and the American Gas Association, A.G.A., with

13、 contributions from the Gas Processors Association, GPA, and others. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty,

14、 or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and

15、 should be submitted to the director of the Meas- urement Coordination Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iii _ - - - _ I I API MPMS*L4-3.4 72 W 0732290 O506284 787 W ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the initial data-collection phase through the final publicat

16、ion of this revision of Chapter 14, Section 3, of the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, many individ- uals have devoted time and technical expertise. However, a small group of individuals has been very active for much of the project life. This group includes the following people: H. Bean, E

17、l Paso Natural Gas Company (Retired) R. Beaty, Amoco Production Company, Committee Chairman D. Bell, NOVA corporation T. Coker, Phillips Petroleum Company W. Fling, OXY USA, Inc. (Retired), Project Manager J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation L. Hillburn, Phillips Petroleum Company (Retired) P.

18、 Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company (Retired) P. LaNasa G. Less, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (Retired) J. Messmer, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. (Retired) R. Teyssandier, Texaco Inc. K. West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation E. UPP During much of the corresponding time period, a sim

19、ilar effort occurred in Europe. The following individuals provided valuable liaison between the two efforts: D. Gould, Commission of the European Communities F. Kinghorn, National Engineering Laboratory M. Reader-Harris, National Engineering Laboratory J. Sattary, National Engineering Laboratory E.

20、Spencer, Consultant J. Stolz, Consultant P. van der Kam, Gasunie The American Petroleum Institute provided most of the funding for the research project. Additional support was provided by the Gas Processors Association and the American Gas Association. Special thanks is given to the Gas Research Ins

21、titute and K. Kothari for providing funding and manpower for the natural gas calculations used in this project and to the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, for additional flow work. J. Whetstone and J. Brennan were responsible for the collection of water data at th

22、e National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. C. Britton, S. Caldwell, and W. Seid1 of the Colorado Engineering Experiment Station Inc. were re- sponsible for the oil data. G. Less, J. Brennan, J. Ely, C. Sindt, K. Starling, and R. Ellington were responsible for the Nat

23、ural Gas Pipeline Company of America test data on natural gas. Over the years many individuals have been a part of the Chapter 14.3 Working Group and its many task forces. The list below is the roster of the working group and its task forces at the time of publication but is by no means a complete l

24、ist of the individuals who partic- ipated in the development of this document. R. Adamski, Exxon Chemical Americas-BOP R. Bass M. Bayliss, Occidental Petroleum (Caldonia) Ltd. R. Beaty, Amoco Production Company D. Bell, NOVA Corporation B. Berry iv API MPMS*L4-3.4 92 0732290 050b285 613 J. Bosio, St

25、atoil J. Brennan, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Buxton S. Caidweli R. Chittum, American Petroleum Institute T. Coker, Phillips Petroleum Company H. Colvard, Exxon Company, U.S.A. L. Datta-Bania, United Gas Pipeline Company D. Embry, Phillips Petroleum Company W. Fling J. Gallaghe

26、r, Shell Pipe Line Corporation V. Gebben, Kerr-McGee Corporation B. George, Amoco Production Company G. Givens, CNG Transmission Corporation T. Glazebrook, Tenneco Gas Transportation Company D. Goedde, Texas Gas Transmission Corporation D. Gould, Commission of the European Communities K. Gray, Phill

27、ips Petroleum Company R. Hankinson, Phillips 66 Natural Gas Company R. Haworth E. Hickl, Union Carbide Corporation L. Hillburn P. Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company J. Hord, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Jones, Jr., Chevron Oil Field Research Company M. Keady K. Kothari, Gas

28、 Research Institute P. LaNasa G. Less G. Lynn, Oklahoma Natural Gas Company R. Maddox G. Mattingly, National Institute of Standards and Technugy E, McConaghy, NOVA Corporation C. Mentz L. Norris, Exxon Production Research Company K. Olson, Chemical Manufacturers Association A. Raether, Gas Company o

29、f New Mexico E. Raper, OXY USA, Inc. W. Ryan, El Paso Natural Gas Company R. Segers J. Sheffield S. Stark, Williams Natural Gas Company K. Starling J. Stolz J. Stuart, Pacific Gas and Electric Company W. Studzinski, NOVA/Husky Research Company M. Sutton, Gas Processors Association R. Teyssandier, Te

30、xaco Inc. V. Ting, Chevron Oil Field Research Company L. Traweek, American Gas Association E Van Orsdol, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. N. Watanabe, National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Japan E. VPP V - _-_ API flPflS*l14.3.4 72 H 0732290 0506286 55T K. West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation P.

31、 Wilcox, Total of France J. Williams, Oryx Energy Company M. Williams, Amoco Production Company E. Woomer, United Gas Pipeline Company C. Worrell, OXY USA, Inc. CONTENTS CHAPTER 14-NATW GAS FLUIDS MEASUREMENT SECTION 3.CONCENTRIC. SQUARE-EDGED ORIFICE METERS 4.1 Introduction and Nomenclature 4.1.1 I

32、ntroduction 4.1.2 Nomenclature . 4.2.1 Background . 4.2.2 Historical Data Base . 4.2.3 Recent Data Collection Efforts 4.2.4 Basis for Equation 4.2 History and Development 4.2.5 Reader-Harris/Gallagher Equation . 4.3.1 Introduction . 4.3.2 Solution for Mass or Volume Flow Rafe 4.3.3 Special Procedure

33、s and Example Calculations for Natural Gas 4.3.4 Example Calculations . 4.3 Implementation Procedures Applications . APPENDIX 4-A-DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW EQUATION SOLUTION ALGOEUTHM . APPENDIX 4-B-RECOMMENDED ROUNDING PROCEDURES APPENDIX 4-C-ROUND ROBIN TESTING . Figures 4-1-Flange Tap Data Comparison-M

34、ean Deviation (%) versus 4-2-Flange Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus 4-3-Flange Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reynolds Number Ranges 4-4-Corner Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Nominal Beta Ratio 4-5-Corner Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reyno

35、lds Number Ranges 4-6-0-D/2 (Radius) Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Nominal Beta Ratios . 4-7-0-0/2 (Radius) Tap Data Comparison-Mean Deviation (%) versus Reynolds Number Ranges . 4-8Ccatter Diagram Based on Buckingham Equation . 4-9Ccatter Diagram Based on Reader-HarridGallagher Equa

36、tion 4-A-1-Number of Iterations Required to Solve for Orifice Plate Coefficient of Discharge-Direct Substitution Method . 4-A-2-Number of Iterations Required to Solve for Orifice Plate Nominal Beta Ratio Nominal Pipe Diameter Coefficient of Discharge-Newton-Raphson Method . Tables 4- 1-Regression Da

37、tabase Point Distribution for flange Taps . 4-2-Regression Database Point Distribution for Corner Taps . 4-3-Regression Database Point Distribution for D-D/2 (Radius) Taps . Page 1 1 3 5 6 10 13 20 20 31 48 63 71 75 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 68 70 9 10 11 vii ._-. . .- . _ API MPMS*L4.3-4 72 073227

38、0 O506288 322 4-4-Typical Values of Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion 4.5-Units. Conversion Constants. and Universal Constants . Tables (continued) 4-, Upstream tap correction factor. X Reduced reciprocal Reynolds number (4,000/ReD). X, Value of X where change in orifice plate coefficient of

39、discharge correlation occurs. Y Expansion factor. Yp Expansion factor pressure constant. Zb Compressibility (base conditions). 2, Compressibility at flowing conditions (9, Tf. Air compressibility at air measurement conditions. ZnlgOs Gas compressibility at gas measurement conditions. Z“leir 4.2 Hist

40、ory and Development 4.2.1 BACKGROUND In May 1924, the Board of Directors of the Natural Gas Association (this later became the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association) directed its Main Technical and Research Committee to establish a new subcommittee to be known as the Gas Meas- ureme

41、nt Committee. The duties of this new committee were outlined by the directors as: Determine the correct methods of installing orifice meters for measuring natural gas. Determine the necessary corrective factors and operative requirements in the use of orifice meters, using natural gas in all experim

42、ental work. Secure the cooperation and assistance of the National Bureau of Standards2 and the United States Bureau of Mines3, and secure, if possible, the assignment of members of their staffs to the Gas Measurement Committee to assist in this work. The Gas Measurement Committee held ifs first meef

43、ing in November 1924 and discussed various features of the work assigned to it. Beginning in the summer of 1925, and extending over a period of six years, this committee conducted several research projects on orifice meters. The Gas Measurement Committee published a preliminary report in 1927, which

44、 was revised in 1929, and Report No. 1 was issued in 1930. In the introduction to Report No. 1, the following statement was made: This is not a final report, but it is made with the understanding that the committee will con- tinue its analytical studies of the data already developed, The committee a

45、lso fully expects that it will be necessary for it to conduct further work of its own. This will make necessary one or more supplemental reports, in which the data will be summarized and the mathemat- ical principles announced, which are thebasis for the present report, and such modifications and ex

46、tensions will be made as additional data and further study may require.“ rn September 193 1, this committee joined with the Special Research Committee of Fluid Meters of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers4 in the formation of a Joint Com- mittee on Orifice Meters so that future publication

47、s on orifice meters by these two parent committees might be in harmony. This joint committee found that a few additional research projects on orifice meters, especially for the determination of the absolute values of orifice coefficients, were needed. Thereafter, the committee formally requested rep

48、resentatives of the National Bureau of Standards to review the data obtained in these later research projects and report their findings to the committee. Gas Measurement Committee Report No. 2 was published on May 6, 1935 and was intended to supplement Report No. 1. Within certain limits explained i

49、n that report, any orifice meter installed in accordance with the recommendations in Report No. 1 would American Gas Association, 1515 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22209. National Bureau of Standards (is now the National institute of Standards and Technology). NiST publications are available from the US. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 3United States Bureau of Mines. Bureau of Mines publications are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 4American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York,