1、Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 5MeteringSection 6Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis MetersFIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 2002REAFFIRMED, NOVEMBER 2013Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 5MeteringSection 6Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis MetersMeasuremen
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16、any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to Measurement Coordination,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 FIELD OF APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 Flow Sensor Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . 46.2 Coriolis Transmitter Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 System Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SAFETY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.1 Tube Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 OPERATIONS/PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . 118.1 Start-up of Metering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.2 Effects of Fluid Properties, Operating, and Installation Conditions on Coriolis Meter Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . 118.3 Considerations for Changing the Stored Zero Value in the Flowmeter (Rezeroing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.4 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、139 PROVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.1 Proving Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410 AUDITING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810.1 Configuration Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810.2 Quantity Transaction Record (QTR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810.3 Event Log. . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1810.4 Alarm and Error Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18APPENDIX A PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . 19APPENDIX B FACTORY CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21APPENDIX C PROVING FORMS FOR METERS WITH MASS OUTPUTS . . . . . . 23APPENDIX D PROVING FORMS FOR METERS WITH VOLUME OUTPUTS . . . 31APPENDIX E CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Tables1 Typical Number of Proving Runs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16C-1 Density Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23C-2 Buoyancy Co
29、rrection Factors (Not applicable to closed, pressurized vessels) . 23E-1 Coriolis MeterProving Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39E-2 Mass Discrimination Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41E-3 Density
30、Discrimination Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41E-4 Correction Factor Discrimination Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41vPageFigures1 Typical Coriolis Meter Accuracy Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . 62 Schematic for Coriolis Meter Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Factors Affecting Coriolis Meter Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10A-1 Coriolis Force Illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19B-1 Calibration System Schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21C-1 Proving Calculations: Conventional Pipe ProverCoriolis Meter Mass . . . . . 24C-2 Proving Calculations: Small Volume ProverCoriolis M
33、eter Mass . . . . . . . . . 25C-3 Proving Calculations: Gravimetric Tank ProverCoriolis Meter Mass . . . . . . 26C-4 Proving Calculations: Volumetric Tank ProverCoriolis Meter Mass . . . . . . . 27C-5 Proving Calculations: Volumetric Master MeterCoriolis Meter Mass . . . . . . 28C-6 Proving Calculat
34、ions: Mass Master MeterCoriolis Meter Mass . . . . . . . . . . 29D-1 Proving Calculations: Conventional Pipe ProverCoriolis Meter Volume. . . . 32D-2 Proving Calculations: Small Volume ProverCoriolis Meter Volume . . . . . . . 33D-3 Proving Calculations: Gravimetric Tank ProverCoriolis Meter Volume
35、. . . . 34D-4 Proving Calculations: Volumetric Tank ProverCoriolis Meter Volume . . . . . 35D-5 Proving Calculations: Volumetric Master MeterCoriolis Meter Volume . . . . 36D-6 Proving Calculations: Mass Master MeterCoriolis Meter Volume. . . . . . . . . 37vi1Chapter 5MeteringSection 6Measurement of
36、 Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis Meters0 Introduction0.1This standard is intended to describe methods toachieve custody transfer levels of accuracy when a Coriolismeter is used to measure liquid hydrocarbons.0.2Coriolis meters measure mass flow rate and density. Itis recognized that meters other tha
37、n the types described in thisdocument are used to meter liquid hydrocarbons. This publi-cation does not endorse or advocate the preferential use of aCoriolis meter nor does it intend to restrict the developmentof other types of meters. Those who use other types of metersmay find sections of this pub
38、lication useful. 1 Scope1.1This standard is applicable to custody transfer applica-tions for liquid hydrocarbons. Topics covered are:a. Applicable API standards used in the operation of Coriolismeters.b. Proving and verification using both mass- and volume-based methods.c. Installation.d. Operation.
39、e. Maintenance.1.2The mass- and volume-based calculation proceduresfor proving and quantity determination are included inAppendix E.1.3Although the Coriolis meter is capable of simulta-neously determining density, this document does not addressits use as a stand-alone densitometer. See API MPMSChapt
40、er14.6 for this type of application. The measured density fromthe Coriolis meter is used to convert mass to volume.2 Field of ApplicationThe field of application of this document is any division ofthe petroleum industry where dynamic flow measurement ofapplicable fluids is desired. The use of Coriol
41、is meters for alter-nate applications or fluids may be addressed within other chap-ters of the API MPMSand are not precluded by this standard.3 Definitions3.1 accessory equipment:Any additional electronic ormechanical computing, display, or totalization equipmentused as part of the metering system.3
42、.2 base conditions:Defined pressure and temperatureconditions used in the custody transfer measurement of fluidvolume and other calculations. Base conditions may bedefined by regulation or contract. In some cases, base condi-tions are equal to standard conditions, which within the U.S.are usually 14
43、.696 psia and 60F, and in other regions101.325 kPa (absolute) and 15C.3.3 base density:The density of the fluid at base condi-tions. 3.4 calibration:The process of utilizing a referencestandard to determine a coefficient which adjusts the outputof the Coriolis transmitter to bring it to a value whic
44、h iswithin the specified accuracy tolerance of the meter over aspecified flow range. This process is normally conducted bythe manufacturer.3.5 cavitation:Phenomenon related to and followingflashing if the pressure recovers and the vapor bubbles col-lapse (implode). Cavitation will cause a measuremen
45、t errorand can damage the sensor.3.6 Coriolis meter:Also referred to as Coriolis massmeter or Coriolis force flowmeter. A Coriolis meter is adevice which by means of the interaction between a flowingfluid and the oscillation of a tube(s), measures mass flow rateand density. The Coriolis meter consis
46、ts of a sensor and atransmitter. 3.7 Coriolis meter factor, mass or volume (MF,MFm, MFv):A dimensionless number obtained by dividingthe actual quantity of fluid passed through the meter (as deter-mined by proving), by the quantity registered by the meter.For subsequent metering operations, the actua
47、l quantity isdetermined by multiplying the indicated quantity by themeter factor.3.8 Coriolis transmitter:The electronics associated witha Coriolis meter which interprets the phase shift signal fromthe sensor, converts it to a meaningful mass flow rate (repre-sented in engineering units or a scaled
48、value), and generates adigital or analog signal representing flow rate and/or quantity.Most manufacturers also use it to drive the sensor tubes,determine fluid density, and calculate a volumetric flow rate.3.9 flashing:A phenomenon which occurs when the linepressure falls to or below the vapor press
49、ure of the liquid,often due to local lowering of pressure because of an increasein the liquid velocity. 2CHAPTER5METERING3.10 flowing density:The density of the fluid at actualflowing temperature and pressure.3.11 flow sensor:A mechanical assembly consisting of:housing:The means of providing environmentalprotection. This may or may not provide secondarycontainment.measurement sensor(s):Sensors to monitor oscil-lations and to detect the effect of Coriolis forces. Theseare also referred to as pickups or pickoffs.support structure:A means for supporting thevibrating c
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