1、API PUBL*Lb28 96 m 0732290 0556989 L36 m I 0 I 1 i : I ! A Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petroleum Releases API PUBLICATION 1628 THIRD EDITION, JULY 1996 day S Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*:Lb28 96 U 0732290 0556990 958 m d- Stratenies for
2、Todavi - Environmental Partnership One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petro- leum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP: Strat
3、egies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public concerns by improving industrys environmental, health and safety performance; docu- menting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The founda- tion of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Gu
4、iding Environmental Principles. API standards, by promoting the use of sound engineering and operational practices, are an important means of implementing APIs STEP program. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated t
5、o continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consum- ers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility t
6、o work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these princip
7、les: o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod- ucts and operations. o To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. o To
8、 make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. o To advise promptly appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards
9、, and to recommend protective measures. o To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis- posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. o To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficient
10、ly. o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. o To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation. o To work with others to resolve problems created by handling an
11、d disposal of hazard- ous substances from our operations. o To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. o To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis-
12、tance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materi- als, petroleum products and wastes. A Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petroleum Releases Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API PUBLICATION 1628 THIRD EDITION, JULY 1996 Ame
13、rican Petroleum Institute API PUBLxLbZB 96 0732290 0556992 720 SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to par- ticular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of
14、employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or federal laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precau
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21、e addressed to the director. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this pu
22、blication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam- age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of prove
23、n, sound engi- neering and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from
24、 using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applica- ble requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do
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26、ublshec API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1996 American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*Lb28 96 m 0732290 055b993 bb7 m FOREWORD API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy a
27、nd reliability of the data contained in them; how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam- age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, s
28、tate, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iii API PUBL*wLb28
29、 96 m 0732290 0556994 5T3 m CONTENTS SECTION 1-INTRODUCTION 1.1 PurposeandSc0 pe . 1 1.2 Background and Organization 1 1.3 Health and Safety . 2 1.4 Regulations and Codes . 2 1.5.2 Other References 2 1.5 References 1.5.1 Standards, Recommended Practices, and Similar Publications . 2 SECTION 2“FuNDAM
30、ENTAL TECHNICAL CONCEPTS 2.1 Overview., 5 2.2 Characteristics of Earth Materials . 5 2.2.1 Types of Materials . 5 2.2.1.1 General . 5 2.2.1.2 Unconsolidated Materials . 5 2.2.1.3 Consolidated Bedrock 5 2.2.2 Fluid-Transmitting Properties 5 2.2.2.1 General . 5 2.2.2.2 Porosity . 5 2.2.2.3 Permeabilit
31、y and Hydraulic Conductivity . 6 2.3 Characteristics of Subsurface Water . 6 2.3.1 Subsurface Air and Water Distribution . 6 2.3.2 Groundwater Movement 6 2.4 Characteristics of Petroleum . 8 2.4.1 Types of Petroleum . 10 2.4.1.1 General 10 2.4.1.2 Gasolines . 10 2.4.1.3 Middle Distillates 10 2.4.1.4
32、 Heavier Fuel Oils and Lubricating Oils . 10 2.4.2 Physical/Chemical Properties of Petroleum 10 2.5 Subsurface Migration Processes . 12 2.5.1 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Phases 12 2.5.2 Migration of Hydrocarbon Phases 13 2.5.2.1 General 13 2.5.2.2 LNAPL 13 2.5.2.3 Dissolved Phase 14 2.5.2.4 Vapo
33、r Phase . 18 SECTION 3-RISK-BASED CORRECTIVE ACTION 3.1 Overview . 19 3.2 Initial Site Assessment and Site Classification 21 3.3 Tiered Evaluation . 21 3.3.1 Tier 1 Evaluation . 21 3.3.2 Further Tiered Evaluation V API PUBLXlb28 7b m 0732270 055b995 43T m SECTION (bj to provide more information on g
34、eneral design parameters and applicability of technologies given the additional level of experience with existing proven technologies, and (c) to integrate an overall theme that hydrocarbon releases can be handled through a RBCA approach which incorporates elements of site char- acterization, initia
35、l response, exposure assessment, and determination of risk-based target clean-up goals. A frame- work which incorporates these elements is provided in ASTM Standard E1739. The terms free hydrocarbon, free product, liquid hydro- carbon, phase-separated hydrocarbon and free liquid hydrocarbon all deno
36、te lighter-than-water, nonaqueous- phase liquid (LNAPL) and are used in the literature to denote the separate phase resulting from a petroleum release. In this document, the term LNAPL will be used. The assessment and remediation of hydrocarbon releases can involve the application of several technol
37、ogies to one or more of the following hydrocarbon phases: a. A liquid phase, LNAPL. b. A residual LNAPL. c. The dissolved phase hydrocarbon compounds in ground- water. d. The vapor phase. The term chernical(s) ofconcern refers to specific hydro- carbon compounds that are constituents of the released
38、 material, and have been identified for evaluation in the site assessment and risk assessment process because of their potential to adversely affect human health or the environ- ment. The term contamination denotes concentrations of chem- ical(s) of concern that are above the target levels appropria
39、te for a site, based on risk to human health and the environment. Section 2 details the characteristics of earth materials, subsurface water, and petroleum hydrocarbon. It explains the interplay of these phases as a release enters and migrates through subsurface materials. Section 3 discusses the RB
40、CA framework. Section 4 details initial emergency response and initial abatement actions. Section 5 addresses methods used in assessment to determine the extent and potential for migration of the various phases. Section 6 reviews the principles of risk assessment. Section 7 addresses approaches to t
41、he control, recovery, and remedia- tion of petroleum hydrocarbon. 1 2 API PUBL*Lb28 96 m 0732290 0557000 4T5 m API PUBLICATION 1628 The information in Sections 3 through 7 may be coordi- nated for a corrective action process that can be followed when a hydrocarbon release is suspected. Figure 1 illu
42、s- trates this process as a flowchart. This process can ensure the efficient remediation of a hydrocarbon release while minimizing unnecessary actions and expenses. 1.3 Health and Safety The first step in any site assessment involving a release of petroleum hydrocarbon is to determine if any immedia
43、te safety concerns exist. If an unsafe condition exists, the situ- ation should be assessed and appropriate initial response implemented to protect health and safety. For example, a mixture of hydrocarbon vapor with oxygen can create con- centrations which could explode and which may be ignit- able
44、by a spark from an electric switch or a flashlight that is not explosion proof. As an example, persons should never be allowed to smoke in the area where concentrations could create a suspected explosive environment. Drinking-water wells located close to the petroleum release site are another exampl
45、e which needs consideration. A drinking water well believed to be in the path of a sus- pected release may require sampling to determine if petro- leum hydrocarbon are present. The presence of regulated chemicals may necessitate water treatment, provision of alternative water supplies, or the discon
46、tinuation of well use. 1.4 Regulations and Codes The major federal law governing hydrocarbon releases from underground storage tanks (USTs) is Subtitle I of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). RCRA also contains corrective action provisions for other types of petroleum releases associ
47、ated with waste handling areas. Many states have regulations governing releases from aboveground storage tanks (ASTS). Hydrocarbon releases to any streams, rivers, and lakes may further be regulated under the Clean Water Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Most states and many local governments h
48、ave regu- lations which deal specifically with petroleum hydrocar- bon releases. The assessment and remediation of a hydrocarbon release requires interaction with local, state, and/or federal agen- cies. Depending on the particular jurisdiction, the amount of hydrocarbon released, results of assessm
49、ent, remediation plans, and remediation progress usually must be reported, reviewed, and in some cases approved. Also, permits may be required to complete tasks such as excavating, drilling wells, pilot testing of remedial technologies, installing remediation systems, discharging water and vapor, and con- struction work. The responsible party must identify and meet applicable permit and reporting requirements. 1.5 References Sections 1.5.1 and 1.5.2 contain references cited in the text. See Appendix A for an extensive bibliography of resources. 1.5.1 STANDARDS, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
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