1、Compilation of Air Emission Estimating Methods for Petroleum Distribution and Dispensing FacilitiesAPI PUBLICATION 1673 SECOND EDITION, JULY 2009Compilation of Air Emission Estimating Methods for Petroleum Distribution and Dispensing FacilitiesMarketing SegmentAPI PUBLICATION 1673 SECOND EDITION, JU
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15、 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Defin
17、itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Emission Estimating Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . 23.1 Distribution Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Dispensing Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3 Miscellaneous Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Properties of Volatile Organic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.2 Speciation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Annex A TANKS 4.09D Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Tables1 Emission Estimating Methods for Activities at Distribution Facilities (Routine and Non-routine) . . . . . . 32 Loading Loss Saturation Factor KSAPI MPMS
23、 Ch. 19.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Ballasting Loss Saturation Factor KSAPI MPMS Ch. 19.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Cargo Tank Loading Loss Saturation Factor KSAP-42, Table 5.2-1 . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Collection Efficiencies for Loading Cargo TanksAP-42, Section 5.2.2.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Average Emission Factors for Distribution Facility Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
25、17 Control Effectiveness for an LDAR Program at a SOCMI Process UnitEIIP Volume II, Chapter 4, Table 4.2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Control Effectiveness for LDAR Component Monitoring F
26、requencies for Petroleum RefineriesEIIP Volume II, Chapter 4, Table 4.2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Emission Estimating Methods for Activities at Dispensing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410 Evapo
27、rative Emissions from Gasoline USTs (Stage I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511 Evaporative Emissions from Gasoline Dispensing (Stage II). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612 Emission Estimating Methods for O
28、ther Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813 Particulate Emission Factors For Abrasive BlastingAP-42, Table 13.2.6-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1914 AP-42, Table 13.2.2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 Fugitive Emission Factors for Petroleum RefineriesAP-42, Table 5.1-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2116 References for Properties of VOLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2217 References for Compositions of VOLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22v1Compilation of Air Emission Estimating Methods for Petroleum Distribution and Di
31、spensing Facilities1 Introduction1.1 ScopeThis publication is a compilation of methods for estimating emissions associated with activities that may occur at typical petroleum distribution and dispensing facilities. Distribution facilities include bulk terminals, bulk plants, pipeline breakout statio
32、ns, and pipeline pumping stations. Dispensing facilities are primarily retail service stations. Evaporative losses of volatile organic liquids (VOLs) from distribution and dispensing facilities occur primarily from transfer operations (i.e. refueling of motor vehicles, and the loading or unloading o
33、f tank trucks, railcars, and ships or barges), storage tanks, and equipment leaks (i.e. piping components such as valves and pumps).Emission estimating methods have been developed to quantify total VOL emissions from these sources and to speciate these emissions. Speciation is the determination of t
34、he fraction of the total emissions that are attributable to given individual chemical compounds, or species. Emission estimating methods change over time as more accurate methods are developed, emission controls change, and the compositions of petroleum products change in response to regulations and
35、 consumer needs.1.2 PurposeThe purpose of this publication is to compile the most current and widely accepted emission estimating methods for petroleum distribution and dispensing facilities in one document. Numerous studies have been conducted to estimate emissions from these facilities. As a resul
36、t, more than one estimating method is sometimes available for a given emission-generating activity, with the different methods potentially having differing levels of complexity. There is a trade-off between accuracy and complexity of emission estimates. More accurate estimates require more informati
37、on about the specific activity.Section 3 of this publication provides the emission estimating methods. Emission estimating methods that can be stated briefly are provided in whole in Section 3; otherwise, the reader is referred to another document for the complete methodology. Section 3 contains thr
38、ee subsections: one for distribution facilities, one for dispensing facilities, and one for miscellaneous activities. Section 4 provides information on the properties of VOLs used to estimate emissions. 2 Definitions40 CFR Part 63, Subpart BBBBBB1, Section 63.11100, includes the following definition
39、s related to gasoline distribution facilities.2.1 bulk gasoline plant Any gasoline storage and distribution facility that receives gasoline by pipeline, ship or barge, or cargo tank and has a gasoline throughput of less than 20,000 gal/day. NOTE This differs from the definition implied by 40 CFR Par
40、t 60, Subpart XX2, Section 60.501 and 40 CFR Part 63, Subpart R3, Section 63.421. These rules do not define a bulk plant, but define a bulk terminal as any gasoline facility which receives gasoline by pipeline, ship or barge, and has a gasoline throughput greater than approximately 20,000 gal/day. T
41、his implies that a facility receiving only by cargo tank is a bulk plant, regardless of throughput.2 API PUBLICATION 16732.2 bulk gasoline terminal Any gasoline storage and distribution facility that receives gasoline by pipeline, ship or barge, or cargo tank and has a gasoline throughput of 20,000
42、gal/day or greater. 2.3 equipment Each valve, pump, pressure relief device, sampling connection system, open-ended valve or line, and flange or other connector in the gasoline liquid transfer and vapor collection systems. This definition also includes the entire vapor processing system except the ex
43、haust port(s) or stack(s).2.4 gasoline cargo tank A delivery tank truck or railcar which is loading gasoline or which has loaded gasoline on the immediately previous load.2.5 pipeline breakout station A facility along a pipeline containing storage vessels used to relieve surges or receive and store
44、gasoline from the pipeline for re-injection and continued transportation by pipeline or to other facilities.2.6 pipeline pumping station A facility along a pipeline containing pumps to maintain the desired pressure and flow of product through the pipeline and not containing storage vessels. 40 CFR P
45、art 63, Subpart CCCCCC4, Section 63.11132, includes the following definition.2.7 gasoline dispensing facility GDF Any stationary facility which dispenses gasoline into the fuel tank of a motor vehicle.While the regulatory definitions listed above are specific to gasoline, this publication applies to
46、 distribution and dispensing facilities for VOLs and is not limited to gasoline.3 Emission Estimating Methods3.1 Distribution Facilities3.1.1 OverviewAP-42, Section 5.2.1, gives an overview of the petroleum distribution system. Table 1 summarizes emission estimating methods for activities at distrib
47、ution facilities. 3.1.2 Storage Tanks3.1.2.1 Storing, Filling, and Emptying a VOL in a Storage TankEPA offers software (TANKS) to estimate emissions from storage tanks. TANKS is based on the emission estimating procedures from AP-42, Chapter 7, and is available at www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/tank
48、s/index.html.Limitations of the TANKS program are discussed in Annex A. COMPILATION OF AIR EMISSION ESTIMATING METHODS FOR PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION AND DISPENSING FACILITIES 33.1.2.1.1 Fixed-roof TanksAPI MPMS Ch. 19.1 and AP-42, Section 7.1.3.1, provide emission estimating methods for fixed-roof tank
49、s. The method given in each document is the same. 3.1.2.1.2 Floating-roof Tanks with Open Vents (Freely Vented)API MPMS Ch. 19.2 and AP-42, Section 7.1.3.2.1, provide emission estimating methods for floating-roof tanks with open vents. The emission estimating method for floating-roof tanks given in API MPMS Ch. 19.2 is the same as that given in AP-42, Section 7.1.3.2, with the following exceptions:1) API MPMS Ch.19.2 specifies that the true vapor pressure of the stock is to be calculated from the average stock storage temperature (i.e. the liquid bulk temperature), wherea
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