1、Fire-Protection Considerations forthe Design and Operation ofLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Storage FacilitiesAPI PUBLICATION 2510ASECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 1996REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010Fire-Protection Considerations forthe Design and Operation ofLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)Storage FacilitiesDownstrea
2、m SegmentAPI PUBLICATION 2510ASECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 1996REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to m
3、eet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, orfederal laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and
4、 proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise
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6、 or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statuso
7、f the publication can be ascertained from the API Authoring Department telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures t
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13、, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1996 American Petroleum InstituteiiiFOREWORDThis publication covers aspects of the design, operation, and maintenance of liqueedpetroleum gas (LPG) storage facilities from the standpoints of prevention and control ofreleases, re-protection design, and re-control measures. The
14、storage facilities coveredare LPG installations (storage vessels and associated loading/unloading/transfer systems)at marine and pipeline terminals, natural gas processing plants, reneries, petrochemicalplants, and tank farms. This publication provides background, philosophy, methods, andalternative
15、s to achieve good re protection.Information on the production or use of liqueed petroleum gas is not included.This publication is not intended to take precedence over contractual agreements. Exist-ing codes and manuals, wherever practicable, have been used in the preparation of thispublication.API p
16、ublications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been madeby the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; how-ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with thispublication and hereby expressly discla
17、ims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam-age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulationwith which this publication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Healthand Environment Department, Am
18、erican Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Wash-ington, D.C. 20005.CONTENTSPageSECTION 1GENERAL. 11.1 Scope 11.2 Retroactions 11.3 Introduction 11.4 Failure History 11.5 Safety Analysis . 21.6 LPG Properties . 21.7 Denition of Terms 31.8 Referenced Publications . 4SECTION 2FACILITY DESIGN PHIL
19、OSOPHY . 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Site Selection 52.3 Layout and Spacing 52.4 Drainage and Spill Containment 62.5 Ignition Source Control 62.6 Vessel Design . 82.7 Piping 82.8 Pumps . 102.9 Instrumentation .102.10 Relief Systems 122.11 Vapor Depressurizing System 132.12 Loading Trucks and Rail Cars .
20、14SECTION 3OPERATING PROCEDURES 153.1 Introduction 153.2 Placing Storage Vessels in Service . 153.3 Product Transfer . 163.4 Water Drawing . 173.5 Sampling . 173.6 Venting Noncondensables 183.7 Removal of Vessel From Service . 183.8 Emergency Procedures . 18SECTION 4MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES. 194.1 Int
21、roduction 194.2 Vessel Inspection 194.3 Vessel Accessories, Including Relief Valves 194.4 Vapor Freeing and Isolating Equipment 194.5 Work Permits 204.6 Repair of LPG Equipment . 204.7 Fireproofed Surfaces 20SECTION 5FIRE-PROTECTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 205.1 Introduction 205.2 Water-Application R
22、ates 205.3 Methods of Water Application . 225.4 Design Considerations for Water Supply . 235.5 Detection Systems 24vCONTENTSPage5.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers 255.7 Foam for LPG Fires . 255.8 Fireproong 25SECTION 6FIRE CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHMENT 276.1 Prere Plan . 276.2 Training 276.3 Assessing the
23、 Fire 286.4 Applying Cooling Water 286.5 Isolating Fuel Sources 296.6 Fireghting Tactics and Leak Control . 29Figures1Pool Fire Radiant Heat Flux 72Nonfreeze Drain for LPG Vessels . 113Vessel Shell Overheated Above Liquid Level 304Rupture of a Horizontal LPG Vessel . 315Concentrate Cooling Water on
24、Flame-Exposed Metal . 33Tables 1Properties of Two Common LPGs . 32Tank Pressures for Two Common LPGs . 33Vapor Volumes Obtained for Two Common LPGs . 44Fire Emergency Situations Requiring Special Consideration 215Water-Application Methods 23vi1Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design andOperati
25、on of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage FacilitiesSECTION 1GENERAL1.1 Scope1.1.1This publication addresses the design, operation, andmaintenance of LPG storage facilities from the standpoints ofprevention and control of releases, re protection design, andre-control measures. The history of LPG s
26、torage facilityfailure, facility design philosophy, operating and maintenanceprocedures, and various re protection and reghtingapproaches are presented. This publication, since it supple-ments API Standard 2510 and provides the basis for many ofthe requirements stated in that standard, must be used
27、in con-junction with API Standard 2510. In case of conict, APIStandard 2510 shall prevail. Alternate designs are acceptableprovided equal safety can be demonstrated.1.1.2The storage facilities covered by this publication areLPG installations (storage vessels and associated loading/unloading/transfer
28、 systems) at marine and pipeline terminals,natural gas processing plants, reneries, petrochemicalplants, and tank farms. The following types of LPG installa-tions are not addressed:a. Underground storage, such as buried tanks, storage cav-erns, salt domes, or wells.b. Mounded storage tanks.c. Refrig
29、erated storage at pressures below 15 pounds persquare inch gauge.d. Installations covered by API Standard 2508.e. Installations covered by NFPA Standards 58 or 59.f. Department of Transportation (DOT) containers.g. Those portions of LPG systems covered by NFPA 54(ASME Z223.1).h. Small installations
30、with a single LPG tank of less than2000-gallon capacity.i. Process equipment for LPG manufacture or treatment pre-ceding LPG storage.1.2 RetroactionsThe provisions of this publication pertain to new installa-tions, but may also be used to review and evaluate existingstorage facilities. The applicabi
31、lity of some or all of theseprovisions to facilities and equipment already in place or in theprocess of construction or installation before the date of thispublication will have to be considered on a case-by-case basis.1.3 Introduction1.3.1In developing re-protection guidelines for an LPGstorage fac
32、ility, the greatest concern is the massive failure of avessel with a full inventory of LPG. The probability of thistype of failure can be made virtually negligible with properlyengineered and operated facilities. The re-protection princi-ples of this publication are intended to prevent re-inducedves
33、sel failure.1.3.2Most LPG res originate as smaller res that have thepotential to become larger and more hazardous. It is impor-tant to note that LPG res usually occur, not as a result oftank failure, but because of pump seal leaks, piping leaks, orfailure to follow safe work procedures. Human failur
34、e suchas overlls and piping leaks from poor drawoff (water andsample) procedures can lead to LPG release and consequentre. This publication treats the prevention and control ofsuch incidents and provides various re extinguishment andcontainment methods.1.4 Failure History1.4.1The most serious LPG re
35、lease is a massive failure ofa storage vessel. Such failures are rare and seldom occurwithout exacerbating circumstances such as exposure to reor external explosion. 1.4.2To project LPG storage vessel failure frequency, re-protection professionals have reviewed applicable U.S., Brit-ish, and German
36、failure statistics for pressure vessels.1Thesestatistics reveal that the failure rate for pressure vessels fromcauses other than pre-existing res or explosions, has beenabout 1 failure per 100,000 vessel years. To assume this fail-ure rate for hydrocarbon storage vessels is conservative, sincemost o
37、f the data in these studies are for steam boilers anddrums operating under more adverse conditions. 1.4.3A more likely LPG incident, and in the context ofthis publication a more relevant one, is leakage from pipingor other components attached to or near the vessel followedby ignition, a ash re or va
38、por cloud explosion, and a con-tinuing pool re and pressure (torch) re. The possibility ofa pool re is greater with lower-vapor-pressure LPG or incold climates. Should ames impinge on a nearby LPG ves-sel, a boiling liquid-expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)involving one or more storage vessels may en
39、sue. Injury tofacility or neighboring personnel and damage losses ofseveral million dollars can be incurred in these types ofLPG incidents.1Spencer H. Bush, Pressure Vessel Reliability, Transactions of the ASME:Journal of Vessel Technology, February 1975.2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE2510A1.4.4An examina
40、tion of the 100 largest hydrocarbon-chemical accidents over a 30-year period has made it possibleto estimate the probability of major accidents (losses of$12,000,000 or more in 1983 dollars) in LPG storage facili-ties.2This data and the 1984 disaster near Mexico City3dem-onstrate that there were abo
41、ut three major incidentsworldwide every 10 years involving pressurized liquid light-hydrocarbon storage facilities. The number of such facilitiesin operation during the 30-year period examined was between600 and 1000. Hence, the probability that any one facilitywill have a major LPG accident in any
42、one year is from lessthan 1 in 2000 to less than 1 in 3333. Since a typical facilityis likely to contain several vessels, the frequency of a majoraccident at any one facility is probably on the order of 1 per20,000 vessel years. A consideration of the nine major LPGstorage facility incidents studied
43、 suggests that many if notmost of the incidents would probably not have occurred orwould have been much less severe if the practices describedin this publication had been observed. Hence, implementa-tion of the recommendations described herein should reducethe frequency of major LPG storage facility
44、 res from 1 per20,000 vessel years to about 1 per 100,000 vessel years.1.4.5Some of the causes for releases that have occurred atfacilities that transfer and store pressurized LPG are listedbelow:a. Leakage from an LPG transfer pump seal.b. Leakage from valve stem seals and ange gaskets.c. Leakage w
45、hen taking a sample or drawing water.d. Leakage from transfer piping because of corrosion,mechanical damage, or from screwed piping connections.e. Failure of a transfer pipe exible joint or cargo hose at theinterface between a xed facility and a tank truck, railroadtank car, or tank ship.f. Leakage
46、from a storage vessel because of corrosion.g. Tank overlling, which forces liquid out the pressuresafety valves.h. Failure of a storage vessel because of direct ameimpingement on the unwetted shell.1.5 Safety Analysis1.5.1Where site location, equipment spacing, or limitedbuilt-in re protection incre
47、ase the risk to the public or thepotential for damage to an industrial area, a safety analysis ofthe LPG facility should be performed. The analysis shouldinclude possible but realistic scenarios of accidents that mayoccur, including LPG release, ignition, and re. Refer toOSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 for add
48、itional information andguidance for evaluating the safe design, operation, inspectionand maintenance of a facility.1.5.2The safety analysis should be periodically reviewedto ensure that conditions have not signicantly changed andthat the current level of re prevention and re suppression isstill appr
49、opriate.1.5.3A smaller storage facility that is remotely located,such as at an oil eld producing site, should not require asmuch built-in re protection as a major facility in an indus-trial or urban area. An evaluation should be made to establishthe value of the facility, the economic impact if it were lost,and the exposure risk to people and neighboring installations.The level of re protection incorporated in the design shouldbe commensurate with the exposure risk and value of thefacility, provided that any reduct
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