1、 Access to Additional Content for PUBL 4636 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Copyright holder of this document Clic
2、k the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. Files associated with PUBL 4636 Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer Flow Establishment; Gaussian profiles 5.B.5. The Airborne
3、Plume: geometry and shear entrainment 5.B.6. The Touchdown and Slumped Plume 5.B.7. Closure Assumptions for the Top-Hat Model 5.B.8. The Entrainment Function 5.B.9. The atmosphere model. 5 .B. 1 O. Plume cross-sectional over-lap: curvature limited entrainment 5.B.11. The HGSYSTEM plume models: algor
4、ithmic structure. 5.B. 12. Validation studies, entrainment formulae 5 .B. 13. Comparison with models of Wheatley, Raj and Moms, and Havens 5.B.14. References 6. THE PGPLUME MODEL FOR FAR-FIELD DISPERSION 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Far-field Dispersion: Pasquill/Gifford Models 6.3. Local versus Integral
5、Average Properties: Nearff ar field Matching 6.4. System Asymptotics: the Limit of Great Dilution 6.5. Prediction of (Steady) Far-field Dispersion 6.6. Transient Effects: Releases of Limited Duration 5-6 5-7 5-13 5-16 5-19 5-20 5-22 5-22 5-23 5-26 5-31 5-34 5-37 5-40 5-47 5-54 5-54 5-57 5-57 5-60 5-
6、64 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-6 6-1 1 6-14 6-14 iv - STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b3b-ENGL 1995 0732290 Ob24979 bb7 HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual 6.7. Conclusions 6.8. References 7. THE HEAVY GAS DISPERSION MODEL HEGADAS 7.A. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE HEGADAS MODEL 7.A.1. Introduction 7.A.2. Steady-state model 7
7、.A.2.1. Wind-speed and concentration similarity profiles 7.A.2.2. Dispersion variables and effective cloud data 7.A.2.3. Dispersion equations 7.A.2.4. Solution to dispersion equations 7.A.3. Time-dependent model 7.A.3.1. Introduction 7.A.3.2. Algorithm for evaluation of concentrations 7.A.3.3. Dispe
8、rsion from ground-level source 7.A.3.3.1. Secondary source 7.A.3.3.2. Observer source data 7.A.3.3.3. Concentrations 7.A.3.4. Dispersion downwind of transition with near-source jet model 7.A.3.4.1. Transition data 7.A.3.4.2. Concentrations 7.A.3.5. Inclusion of along-wind-diffusion effects 7.A.4. In
9、terfacing with pool-evaporation and near-source jet/plume models 7.A.4.1. Interface with pool evaporation models 7.A.4.2. Interface with near-source models 7.A.5.3. Interface with near-source models (finite-duration release) 7.A.5. Validation 7.A.6. Summary and conclusions 7.A.7. References 6-1 7 6-
10、1 8 7-1 7-5 7-5 7-7 7-7 7-8 7-10 7-14 7-17 7-17 7-19 7-23 7-23 7-25 7-26 7-27 7-27 7-27 7-28 7-34 7-34 7-34 7-39 7-40 7-42 7-43 V - - - STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4636-ENGL 1775 W 0732270 Ob24980 387 HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual 7.A.8. Notation Figures Appendix 7.A.A - Evaluation of ambient data Appe
11、ndix 7.A.B - Cross-wind diffusion effects Appendix 7.A.C - Inclusion of heat and water-vapour transfer fiom substrate Appendix 7.A.D - Evaluation of pollutant enthalpy Appendix 7.A.E - Observer position and observer speed Appendix 7.A.F - Cloud shape correction for downwind gravity spreading 7.B. PL
12、UME SPREAD AND AIR ENTRAINMENT FORMULATION 7.B. 1. Introduction 7.B.2. Plume spread and entrainment in HEGADAS 7.B.3. Illustration of model changes 7.B.4. References 7.C. NEW OPTIONS FOR THE HEGADAS MODEL 7.C. 1. Automated output times in HEGADAS-T 7.C. 1.1. Introduction 7.C.1.2. Algorithm 7.C. 1.3.
13、 Implementation 7.C.2. Automatic downwind stepsize in HEGADAS-T 7.C.2.1. Introduction 7 .C .2 2. Algorithm 7.C .2.3. Implementation 7.C.3. Surface roughness breakpoints in HEGADAS-T 7.C.3.1. Introduction 7.C.3.2. Algorithm 7.C.3.3. Implementation 7.C.4. Other new options 7.C.4.1. Volumetric concentr
14、ations in CLOUD input block 7-47 7-50 7-65 7-68 7-72 7-76 7-79 7-82 7-86 7-86 7-86 7-90 7-91 7-94 7-94 7-94 7-95 7-97 7-98 7-98 7-99 7-101 7-101 7-101 7-103 7-103 7- 104 7- 104 vi STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4636-ENGL 1995 0732290 0624981 215 HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual 8. THE HEGABOX MODEL 8.1. Intr
15、oduction 8.2. Model description 8.3. Implementation in HGSYSTEM 8.3.1. Thermodynamics 8.3.2. Initial conditions 8.3.3. Transition to far-field model 8.4. Model validation 8.5. References 9. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF MMES OPTIONS 9.1. Removal By Dry And Wet Deposition 9.1.1. Overview of Removal Proces
16、ses 9.1.2. Desired Complexity Level in Deposition Algorithms 9.1.3. Removal by Gravitational Settling and Dry Deposition 9.1.4. Removal of Particles and Gases by Precipitation and Clouds 9.2. Plume Lift-off Module 9.3. Meteorological Preprocessor 9 3.1. Background 9 3.2. Approach to Revised Meteorol
17、ogical Preprocessor 9 3.3. Description of Revised Meteorological Preprocessor 9 4. Concentration Fluctuations And Variations With Averaging Time 9.4.1. Plume Centerline Concentrations at a Given Downwind Distance 9.4.2. Concentrations at a given Receptor Position 9.5. Effects Of Buildings And Terrai
18、n Obstacles 9.5.1. Introduction 9.5.2. Background 9.5.3. Plume Confinement by Canyons 9.5.4. Concentrations on Building Faces due to Releases from Vents 8-1 8-2 8 -2 8-3 8-3 8-3 8-4 8-6 8-7 9-1 9-2 9-2 9-3 9-3 9-8 9-10 9-12 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-15 9-18 9-20 9-20 9-21 9-22 9-23 vii STD*API/PETRO PUB
19、L 4b3b-ENGL 1995 W 0732290 Ob24982 151 E HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual 9.5.5. Concentrations on the Building Downwind Face (the Near- Wake) due to Releases from Sources on the Building 9.5.6. Other Effects of Buildings 9.6. References 1 O. HGSYSTEM VALIDATION 1 O. 1. Objectives of model evalua
20、tion exercise 10.2. Evaluations with field data from eight sites 10.2.1. Models to be included 10.2.2. Description of field data sets 10.2.3. Model output parameters that were evaluated 10.2.4. Statistical model evaluation procedures to be used 10.2.5. Standards for accepting or rejecting model perf
21、ormance 10.2.6. Results of model evaluation at eight field sites 10.3. References 9-24 9-24 9-25 10-1 10-2 10-2 10-2 10-2 10-4 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6 . VI11 - STD*API/PETRO PUBL 4b3b-ENGL 1995 M 0732290 Ob24983 O98 D HGSY STEM Technical Reference Manual 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction This Te
22、chnical Reference Manual gives technical background information for the HGSYSTEM version 3.0 models. To keep this Manual as concise as possible, in general only that information is supplied which is not availabie in the open scientific literature. Of course, for every model detailed descriptions of
23、all input parameters is given in the HGSYSTEM Users Manual. Information in the Users Manual should enable the user to run any HGSYSTEM model. The information in this Technical Reference Manual is intended as supplementary information for those users who want to know more about the technical contents
24、 of an HGSYSTEM model. In this paragraph, an overview of the main new features available in HGSYSTEM version 3 .O is given, as compared to the first public domain release of HGSYSTEM, version 1 .O which is also called the NOV90 version. 1.2. Main new features in HGSYSTEM version 3.0 Compared to the
25、first public domain version of HGSYSTEM (version 1.0 or NOV90), many changes have been made to the separate models. Apart from several minor changes (additional input parameters, removed bugs etc.), the following new majorfeatures are now available in version 3.0 of HGSYSTEM. A new thermodynamical m
26、odel describing multi-compound, two-phase fluids has been implemented, This model is also called the HGSYSTEM aerosol model. It is described in full detail in Chapter 2.A. It is available in all main and non-HF specific HGSYSTEM models. To generate the physical compound properties need by the new tw
27、o-phase model, a database program called DATAPROP has been added to HGSYSTEM. DATAPROP generates link files containing all relevant data, for all HGSYSTEM models using the two- phase description. The new PLUME version using the new two-phase thermodynamical model is renamed to AEROPLUME. AEROPLUME d
28、escribes near-field jet dispersion for multi-compound, two-phase releases from pressurised vessels. AEROPLUME has a built-in discharge model 1-1 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b3b-ENGL 1995 0732290 Ob24984 T24 .I HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual to give estimates for release rates. that is, it calculates a
29、source term for the dispersion calculation. The AEROPLUME implementation in HGSYSTEM is described in detail in Chapter 5.A. The hydrogen fluoride (HF) chemistry and thermodynamical model has been extended to describe mixtures of HF, water and an inert ideal gas. This model is now available in the HG
30、SYSTEM modules HFPLUME. HEGADAS and the new HEGABOX model. The new HF model is described in full detail in Chapter 2.B. 0 A new model describing the initial gravity slumping behaviour for instantaneous releases is now available in HGSYSTEM. This model is called HEGABOX. More details are given in Cha
31、pter 8. 0 A new model calculating the transient (the-dependent) release rate of a multi-compound. two-phase fluid from a pressurised vessel is now available in HGSYSTEM. This model is called SPILL and can be seen as the counterpart of the HF-specific model HFSPILL. The new SPILL model is discussed i
32、n full detail in Chapter 3. The EVAP model describing evaporating liquid pools, as used in HGSYSTEM 1 .O, has been replaced be a completely new model called LPOOL. LPOOL is based on the LSM90 model as made available by Exxon Research a = O, 1 are taken to correspond to dry air and water. respectivel
33、y. - Pollutant enthalpy, H, (Jhole). Enthalpies are taken to be zero at O OC, with unmixed gaseous compounds. The pollutant enthalpy H, can be calculated from the pollutant temperature and the pollutant composition by imposing thermodynamic equilibrium to the initial pollutant state. See the end of
34、paragraph 2.A.3.2 and Chapter 7.A, Appendix 7.A.D. for details (HEGADAS and HEGABOX). The above data uniquely define the amount of pollutant in the mixture, the pollutant composition and the pollutant enthalpy. 2. Ambient data: - humidity rH (-). 2-7 STDoAPIIPETRO PUBL 4636-ENGL 1995 = 0732290 Ob249
35、33 T37 HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual - ambient temperature Ta (OC). The above data uniquely define the composition of the air (mole fractions of dry air and water) and the enthalpy EI,“,“ of the moist air (Joule/kmole of moist air). 3. Substrate data: - mole fraction yWj of water vapour added
36、from substrate (-) - heat added from the substrate, He (J/kmole) - substrate temperature T, (OC) The data yw3 and T, uniquely define the amount and enthalpy of the water vapour added to the mixture. These parameters only apply to HEGADAS and HEGABOX. 4. Properties of each compound in the mixture. Dr
37、y air (0): 0 molecular weight ma (kg/kmole) specific heat C,“ (J/kmole/K) - Other compounds (01 = 1,2, ., N; 01 = 1 is chosen to correspond to water) 0 molecular weight ma (kmole) 0 specific heats Cp(lv, C,“ (J/kmole/K) for vapour and liquid heat of condensation Hacond (Jhole) coefficients in the fo
38、rmula defining the saturated vapour pressure of the compound P,“(T,) as function of the mixture temperature T,. This (Wagner) equation is given in the description of the GASDATA input block, SPECIES keyword, for each model using the two-phase thermodynamical model. 0 in addition for water only (O! =
39、 1): specific heat of ice, C; (J/kmole/K), and heat of fusion, His (Jknole) 2-8 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b3b-ENGL 3995 0732290 Ob24994 973 HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual Furthermore compounds a= np-,+l.np-i+2.np are known to potentially form aerosol ( = 1, 2 . M; O = n, n, n, _ nM = N). Notice that
40、aerosol = 1 includes the liquid water (compound o! = 1). The values of specific heats, heats of condensation and fusion are assumed to correspond with values at standard atmospheric pressure (1 atmosphere) and at an appropriately chosen reference temperature. The specific heat values for typical tem
41、peratures between -50 “C and 50 “C and pressures close to 1 atmosphere are not expected to differ considerably from these values. 5. Total vapour pressure P. This pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure, which for a pressurised release equals the pressure immediately following the depressur
42、isation of the pollutant at the point of release. The above mentioned parameters uniquely define the composition of the mixture (mole fractions y, (a = O, 1, ., N) and the total enthalpy of the mixture, H, (Jhole). 2.A.2.2. Basic thermodynamic unknowns and equations The unknown thermodynamic variabl
43、es are as follows: 1. mole fraction y, of vapour for each mixture compound (a = 1 ,.,N) (-) 2. mole fraction y, of liquid for each mixture compound (a = 1, ., N) (-) 3. mole fraction liquid L, of each aerosol ( = 1, ., M) (-) 4. total mole fraction of liquid, L (-) 5. mixture temperature T, (OC) The
44、 above unknowns must satisfy the following equations: 1. Conservation of molar flow for each compound Ya = Ya, + Y, 2-9 STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 4636-ENGL 1995 m 0732290 Ob24995 BOT D HGSYSTEM Technical Reference Manual 2. Raoults law for each compound Application of the above law implies that each aeroso
45、l ( = l,M) is assumed to be an ideal liquid solution of its constituent compounds a = n,-,+l, n. Raoults law states that in the presence of aerosol , the ratio of the mole fraction y,/( 1 -L) of the compound a in the vapour and the mole fraction y,/Lp of the compound a in the liquid solution equals
46、the ratio P,a(T,)/P of the saturated vapour pressure of compound a in the vapour and the total vapour pressure. For a one-compound aerosol (y, = L,; a = na = Thus Daltons law states that the mole fraction of the compound in the vapour equals the ratio of the partial pressure of compound a in the vap
47、our and the total pressure. + i), Raoults law reduces to Daltons law Ya/(l-L) = Pva(TmP. The reader is referred to, for example, I for further details of Raoults and Daltons laws. 3. The amount of each aerosol is the sum of its liquid compounds: L,= c Y, ( = 1, ., M) 4. The total amount of liquid is the sum of all individual aerosols: M L=L, =i 5. Conservation of energy: where the post-mixing enthalpy of compound a (a = O, I, ., N) is given by (4) H, = y;C;.T, (dry air, a = O) 2-10
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