1、 Access to Additional Content for PUBL 4640 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Copyright holder of this document Clic
2、k the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. Files associated with PUBL 4640 Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer each word in the bibliography is indexed. THIS BINDER CONT
3、AINS THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS: 1. 2. 3. The Petroleum in the Freshwater Environment annotated bibliography. Four 3-1/2-inch diskettes containing the annotated bibliography (infobase formatted) on Folio Views software. The Manual for the Electronic Version of the annotated bibliography. THIS DOCUMENT
4、CONTAINS THE NON-EDITABLE VERSION. For questions on operation of the Folio Views infobase, please contact Prolnfo Corporation at (202) 289-3893. American Petroleum JI Institute STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b40-ENGL 1997 9 0732270 05b577 573 Petroleum in the Freshwater Environment An Annotated Bibliography 19
5、46-1 993 Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4640 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: DR. ELLIOTT TAYLOR* BANK OF CALIFORNIA CENTER ENGINEERING 900 FOURTH AVENUE, SUITE 3440 SEATTLE, WA 98164 DR. WILLIAM STUBBLEFIELD WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS ENSR CONSULTING AND 441 3 WEST L
6、APORTE AVENUE FORT COLLINS, CO 80521 1997 EDITORS: Victoria Huyck, Lt. USCG Edna Pauison, API *Currently: MARINE SERVICES BAINSBRIDGE ISLAND, WA 981 1 O TAYLOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND 755 WINSLOW WAY E., SUITE 302 American Petroleum I Institute STD-API/?ETRO PUBL 4bqU-ENGL 1797 W 0732270 05b8578 40T FOREW
7、ORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET “HE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQU
8、IP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- ERED BY LET
9、TERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR I“GEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys
10、tem or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permissionfrom the publisher Contact the publishec API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1997 American Petroleum Institute STD.API/PETRO P
11、UBL LibLiO-ENGL 1777 m 0732270 05b8577 3Lib ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Sciences MEMBERS OF THE INLAND SPILLS WORK
12、GROUP David E. Fritz, Work Group Chair, Amoco Corporation Kenneth Barton, NOAA Andrie C.T. Chen, Exxon Production Research Company Donald K. Erickson, Bay West, Inc. Jack Farlow, U.S. EFA Robert J. Fiocco, Exxon Research and Engineering Company Richard M. Gaudiosi, U.S. Coast Guard Ronald H. Goodman
13、, Imperial Oil Ltd. John Kimbail, Weston, Inc. Zelvin Levine, U.S. Dept. of Transportation Ken D. Ratiiff, Phillips Petroleum Company Timothy J. Redly, MSRC Gail Thomas, U.S. EPA Jeffrey L. Underwood, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service W. Garry Willis, BP America, Inc. The American Petroleum Institute w
14、ould also like to thank the Academy of Natural Sciences of the Philadelphia Division of Environmental Research, Woodward Clyde Consultants, Elliott Taylor with Taylor Environmental and Marine Services, and ENSR Consulting and Engineering for their assistance in the completion of this work, Karen Tal
15、ley (API) is recognized for her contributions to the fnal preparation of this work. STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 4h4-ENGL 1777 S 0732290 05b5AU ObA ABSTRACT This document is a compilation of literature citations concerning the impact of petroleum and petroleum-related compounds on the freshwater environment.
16、The annotated bibliography cites literature from 1946 through 1993. It was derived from three separate literature reviews completed for APL Two are literature reviews on oil in freshwater environments; one in 1984, by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a second in 1994, by Woodward
17、-Clyde Consultants. These reviews are limited to the impact of specific petroleum products and oil spill cleanup agents on the biota of freshwater ecosystems, the chemistry and fate of petroleum and cleanup agents in freshwater and methods of oil cleanup in freshwater systems. A third literature rev
18、iew, completed by ENSR Consulting and Engineering in 1994, focused primarily on the effects of petroleum products and oil spill cleanup on birds. STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b4-ENGL 1997 E 0732290 U5b-8581 TT4 D TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1-1 2.0 GENERAL . 2-1 3.0 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF
19、PETROLEUM 3-1 4.0 EFFECTS ON RIVERS 4-1 5.0 EFFECTS ON LAKES . 5-1 6.0 EFFECTS ON WETLANDS . 6-1 7.0 EFFECTS ON SOILS . 7-1 8.0 EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS 8.1-1 8.1 MICROORGANISMS 8.1-1 8.2 INVERTEBRATES 8.2-1 8.3 PLANTS . 8.3-1 8.4 BIRDS . 8.4-1 8.5 FISH 8.5-1 8.6 MAMMALS AND OTHER VERTEBRATES . 8.6-1 8.
20、7 MULTIPLE ORGANISMS . 8.7-1 8.8 TOXICITY OF SPILL CHEMICAL COUNTERMEASURES 8.8-1 9.0 CLEANUP . 9.1-1 9.1 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT . 9.1-1 9.2 METHODS AND APPROACHES 9.2-1 9.3 BIODEGRADATION . 9.3-1 9.4 CHEMICAL COUNTERMEASURES 9.4-1 9.5 IN-S/TUBURNING 9.5-1 9.6 CASESTUDIES 9.6-1 9.7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFEC
21、TS 9.7-1 10.0 USE OF MODELS 10-1 REFERENCES . R-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL LlbLlO-ENGL L777 IO732270 05b582 930 TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued APPENDICES . A-1 A. JOURNAL ABBREVIATIONS . A-1 B. SUBJECTINDEX . B-1 C. PRIMARY AUTHOR INDEX . C-1 STD.API/PETRQ PUBL LlbLiO-ENGL L977 0732290 05b583 877 1 .O INTRO
22、DUCTION Research on the fate and effects of spilled petroleum products has traditionally focused on estuarine and marine ecosystems. The perception of these habitats as being at risk from petroleum contamination stems from the occurrence of major spills over open seas or at coastal terminals during
23、transportation of crude oils and refined products. However, many petroleum-handling facilities are located near freshwater ecosystems (e.g., rivers and lakes) through which petroleum products are transported. Between 1977-1982, data compiled by the United States Coast Guard on discharges of oil and
24、hazardous substances in and around the nations waters (Pollution Incident Reporting System, PIRS) show that “inland“ oil spills have regularly constituted more than 25 percent of spill events (USCG 1977-1 982). Between 1983 and 1992, more than 30 percent of the spills occurred in coastal waters with
25、in 12 miles of U.S. shores; another 42 percent occurred in inland bodies of water. The rest occurred in other bodies of water under U.S. jurisdiction. In addition, the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons entering surface waters from industrial and municipal effluents and urban runoff has also been subs
26、tantial (Hoffman et al., 1982, 1983; Mackenzie and Hunter, 1979; Van Vleet and Quinn, 1977; Whipple and Hunter, 1979). The growing concern for petroleum contamination in freshwater ecosystems led API to update this annotated bibliography. The document is designed to serve as a valuable resource of e
27、xisting literature on petroleum and its impact on the freshwater environment. The companion infobase version of this bibliography has been prepared to enhance the value of the annotations for the reader. Infobase diskettes accompany this report. This document is a compilation of literature citations
28、 concerning the impact of petroleum and petroleum-related compounds on the freshwater environment. The annotated bibliography cites literature from 1946 through 1993. It was derived from three literature reviews completed for API: one in 1984, by the Academy of Natural 1-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b40-EN
29、GL I777 R 0732290 05b584 703 E Sciences of Philadelphia; and a second in 1994, by Woodward-Clyde Consultants; and a third in 1995, by ENSR Consulting and Engineering. The citations in this bibliography were obtained through the use of computerized literature-searching services with access to both DI
30、ALOG and ORBIT bibliographic retrieval systems. Additional citations were obtained from literature cited in publications that were reviewed. In addition, a substantial number of documents were provided by API members. The review was limited to the impact of specific petroleum products (crude oil, fu
31、el oils, kerosene and gasoline) and oil spill cleanup agents on the biota of freshwater ecosystems; the chemistry and fate of petroleum and cleanup agents in freshwater; and a review of cleanup methods in freshwater systems. These subjects were used to screen articles for inclusion in the bibliograp
32、hy. Criteria for deleting references included papers published before 1946; marine or estuarine studies; citations pertaining to individual components of petroleum products such as xylene, naphthalene or benzene; studies on oil refinery effluents; environmental impacts of oil- sand and oil shale pro
33、cessing; or impacts of oil exploration. The references in the annotated bibliography are organized by the following categories: general, introduction, chemical and physical aspects of petroleum, rivers, lakes, wetlands, soils, organism type, and spill cleanup. Citations are listed alphabetically, by
34、 first author, within each category. The annotation provided for each citation includes, but is not limited to, the research topic, organisms studied, habitat and whether the study was conducted in the field or the laboratory. 1 -2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b40-ENGL 1777 0732290 05b585 b4T = 2.0 GENERAL B
35、aca, B.J., T.E. Lankford and E.R. Gundlach. 1986. Environmental Impacts of Oil and Hazardous Material Spills with Emphasis on Winter Conditions in the Upper Great Lakes Region. Coastal Science and Engineering, Inc. Columbia, SC. Available from National Technical Information Service, (703)487-4650 as
36、 AD-A214- 349/3B(A B. This report summarizes available literature on the effects of oil and related hazardous materials on freshwater organisms, concentrating on winter (ice) conditions. Branion, R. 1987. Principles for the Separation of Oil Drops from Water in Gravity Type Separators. In J.H. Vande
37、rmeulen and S.E. Hrudey, eds. Oil in Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology. Pergamon Press, New York. p. 431. Proceedings of the Symposium on Oil Pollution in Freshwater. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. October 15-1 9, 1984. This paper presents a study of oil drop separation from wate
38、r and describes a method to determine the effectiveness of fractional oil removal by gravity type oil- water separators. The application of the method to the design of batch separation tanks, pools, API and parallel plate separators is discussed. Caughey, M.E. 1991 . Stable Isotopic Analysis of Orga
39、nic Carbon in Water and Sediment from the Houston Ship Channel, Texas, USA. Contributions in Marine Science. 32A-8. In July 1986, water and sediment samples were collected at 14 stations along the Houston Ship Channel. The stable isotope ratios (13C:12C) of dissolved, particulate and sediment organi
40、c carbon are useful in estimating the degree and extent of petrochemical pollution. Comparisons of the 1986 water sample data with those from the same stations 18 years earlier support other evidence that water quality in the Houston Ship Channel has improved. Cheremisinoff, P.N. 1989. Oil Spills an
41、d Oily Wastes. Pollution Engineering. 21 (5):88-91. The proper disposal of unwanted waste oils and wastewaters containing oils from lubricatiodmanufacturing operations, as well as from oil spills is discussed. Physical and chemical methods employed in waste oil recovery are outlined, including: diff
42、erential gravity separation, vacuum filtration, acid treatment, temperature change, agitation, and ultrasonic vibration. Information on land disposal and incineration, as well as a discussion on controlling oil spills is provided. 2-1 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b40-ENGL 1997 .B n732270 05b858b 5b General,
43、continued Davis, L.B. 1967. Petroleum Microbiology. Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Comprehensive review of all aspects of hydrocarbon microbiology. Delvigne, G.A.L. 1987. Laboratory Experiments on Oil Spill Protection of a Water Intake. In J.H. Vandermeulen and S.E. Hrudey, eds
44、. Oilin Freshwater: Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology. Pergamon Press, New York. pp. 446-458. Proceedings of the Symposium on Oil Pollution in Freshwater. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. October 15-1 9, 1984. The threat of oil pollution to water intakes is a serious problem in areas with oil
45、exploration and production activities, refineries and oil transport. The Delft Hydraulics Laboratory performed an extensive study of protective measures for a cooling water and drinking water intake channel in an area with a high oil-spillage risk. The tests analyzed different ways in which floating
46、 mechanical barriers and pneumatic barriers may fail to retain the oil. Results indicate that pneumatic barriers fail to retain oil at the entrance of the intake channel because of the entrainment of oil droplets from the oil slick. This occurs even when the water current velocity in the channel is
47、as low as 0.10 rrsec. Floating barriers fail to retain high-viscous oil and emulsified oil independently of the draft when the normal component of the current exceeds 0.1 5 m/sec. However, oil can be trapped by a double-boom configuration across the intake channel by taking advantage of the circulat
48、ion zone behind the first barrier. Entrix, Inc. 1995. A Critical Review of Toxicity Values and Evaluation of the Persistence of Petroleum Products for Use in Natural Resource Damage Assessments. API Publication No. 4594. American Petroleum Institute. Washington, D.C. This review addresses the qualit
49、y and reliability of values used for denoting the acute toxicity of crude oils and petroleum products in aquatic environments. Indices of comparative toxicity are provided for different oil and taxonomic groups, salt water and freshwater forms, and are expressed in terms of free product absent or free product present. A generalized relative persistence scale is also presented for oil in the environment. Farlow, J.S. and J.M. Cunningham. 1989. Oil Spill Research and Development Needs for the 1990s. EPA/600/D-88/278. National Technical Informatio
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