API PUBL 4651-1997 International Oil Spill Conference Improving Environmental Protection - Progress Challenges Responsibilities《国际溢油会议上改善环境保护-进展 挑战 责任诉讼》.pdf

1、 1997 International Conference Oil Spill SECTION I-MONDAY, APRIL 7,1997 SECTION II-TUESDAY, APRIL 8,1997 SECTION III-WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9,1997 SECTION IV-THURSDAY, APRIL 10,1997 SECTION V-POSTER PRESENTATIONS Proceedings 1997 Znternatonal Oil Spill Conference Improving Environmental Protection Progres

2、s, Challenges, Responsibilities April 740,1997 Fort Lauderdale, Florida USCG USEPA API IPIECA IMO Sponsored by US. Coast Guard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency American Petroleum Institute International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association International Maritime Organization

3、 Printed in the United States of America International Standard Serial No. 75-4161 American Petroleum Institute publication no. 465 1 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L street, Nw Washington, DC 20005 Type set by Circle Graphics, Inc. Columbia, Maryland 21045 Victor Graphics Baltimore, Maryland 21

4、223 Printed by FOREWORD This 1997 International Oil Spill Conference is the 15th biennial event since the first conference held in December 1969. The conference is jointly sponsored by the following: American Petroleum Institute (MI) United States Coast Guard (USCG) United States Environmental Prote

5、ction Agency (USEPA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) Through the combined sponsorship and participation of these distinguished industry and regulatory agencies, this con- ference has evolved into the worlds pr

6、emier symposium on oil spill issues. Participants, delegates, presenters, and exhibitors are all able to share current information and thoughts on the leading oil spill topics of today, and these confer- ence proceedings become critical references for all who work in the field. The conference goal i

7、s unchanged since 1969: “. . . to delineate the overall dimensions of the oil spill problem, explore the present state of prevention and control of oil spills, and review the relevant research and development efforts of gov- ernment and private industry around the world.” The theme of the 1997 Confe

8、rence is “Improving Environmental Protection-Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities.” Technical papers and exhibits will stimulate discussions in many aspects of spill prevention, response planning, and research and development. Case studies will disclose what we are learning, and a special session

9、on the February 1996, Milford Haven, United Kingdom spill from the Sea Empress will provide new insight into understanding the effects of that large spill and its response, which involved a large use of dispersants. In addition, the sponsors have commissioned and funded the preparation of the follow

10、ing issue papers that will be featured in open discussion forums. “Putting Dispersants to Work Overcoming Obstacles” “Differences in Risk Perception: How Clean is Clean? “International Responsibilities: Are We Our Brothers Keeper?” The sponsors of this conference thank each of the authors and review

11、ers of the papers that constitute these proceedings. We also thank all panel members, session chairs, and members of planning committees, along with all others who have contributed time and effort to make this conference a success. Thomas R. Moore V STD*API/PETRO PUBL iIbSL-ENGL L777 0732270 05b532L

12、 T9b 1997 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE COMMITTEES General Committee Chairman Thomas Moore Chevron Shipping Company Vice Chairman Capt. Dick Bennis US. Coast Guard Vice Chairman Robert Menzer US. Environmental Protection Agency PAC Lionel Bryant U.S. Coast Guard Bonnie Chaikind Chevron Corporat

13、ion Robert Drew American Petroleum Institute David Edwards Intemutional Maritime organization John S. Farlow US. Environmental Protection Agency Hany Aston BP Shipping, Ltd Capt. Dick Bennis US. Coast Guard Bonnie Chaikind Chevron Corporation James Clow Texaco, Inc. Cdr. Kevin Cook U.S. Coast Guard

14、Cdr. Keith Dabny US. Coast Guard Bobbie Lively Diebold U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mike Donohoe Corbett and Holt David Edwards International Maritime Organization Paul Egner Shell Oil Products, Inc. Awilda Fuentes U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Jerry Galt National Oceanic and Atmosphe

15、ric Administration Capt. A. G. Greenwood International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association Susan Hahn American Petroleum Institute Lt. Cdr. Terry Hoover US. Coast Guard Cdr. Mark Johnson U.S. Coast Guard Program Committee Cdr. Mark Johnson (Chairman) U.S. Coast Guard Vice Chair

16、man Oleg Khalirnonov International Maritime Organization Evelyn Garcia US. Environmental Protection Agency Vice Chairman John Lemlin International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association Cdr. Rich Gaudiosi US. Coast Guard Capt. A. G. Greenwood International Petroleum Industry Envir

17、onmental Conservation Association Chris Gregory Clean Coastal Waters, Inc. Capt. John Grenier US. Coast Guard Capt. Rich Harbert US. Coast Guard Capt. Larry Hereth US. Coast Guard Wayne Hollingsworth Aramco Services Co. William Holt Corbett and Holt L. Cdr. Terry Hoover US. Coast Guard Lt. Cdr. Stev

18、e Hudson U.S. Coast Guard David Lopez US. Environmental Protection Agency Stephanie Meadows American Petroleum Institute Madeleine Sellouk American Petroleum Institute Gail Thomas U. S. Environmental Protection Agency AI Venosa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Lt. Vickie Huyck US. Coast Guard Ca

19、pt. James Irvine STASCO George Jardim Chevron Corporation Don Jensen Jensen and Associates Art Johnson US. Environmental Protection Agency Gene Johnson Delaware Bay and River Co-Operative, Inc. William Lerch Exxon Company Internuiional David Lopez U. S. Environmental Protection Agency George Lowden

20、ICF Kaiser Stephanie Meadows American Petroleum Institute Mark Miller National Response Corp. Kevin Mould US. Environmental Protecrion Agency vii STD-API/PETRO PUBL qb5L-ENGL 1777 0732270 05b5322 922 W Miguel Moyano ARPEL Capt. Jan Nerland Norwegian Pollution Control Authorig Capt. David Pascoe US.

21、Coast Guard K. Tim Perkins Unocal Corporation Cdr. Gary Petrae National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Lawrence Reitsema Marathon Oil Company Scott Robertson ARCO Karen Sahatjian US. Coast Guard Capt. Dennis Sande U.S. Coast Guard PAC Lionel Bryant U.S. Coast Guard Capt. Klaus Schroh S. B. O

22、. Dan Sheehan U.S. Coast Guard Archie F. Smith Oil Spill Response Ltd. Jean Snider National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stephen Spencer US. Department of Interior Dana Stalcup U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chris Staton South Carolina DHEC Alexis Steen American Petroleum Institute G

23、ail Thomas U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Public Affairs Committee Bonnie Chaikind (Chairman) Chevron Corporation Gail Thomas US. Environmental Protection Agency Exhibits Chairman Al Venosa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Treasurer Madeleine Sellouk American Petroleum Institute Exhibit Ma

24、nagement Richard Greene Trade Associates. Inc. Conference Management Carla Battle Amy Landsbaum Annmarie Pittman Courtesy Associates, Inc. Capt. Allen Thompson US. Coast Guard Bernard Tramier ELF Aquitaine Cdr. Mark vanHaverbeke U.S. Coast Guard Ai Venosa U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ann Hay

25、ward Walker SEA, Inc. Greg Weigel US. Environmental Protection Agency Janet LaFiandra Weiner U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Mark Weller Texaco Cdr. Gien Wiltshire U.S. Coast Guard Linda Ziegler US. Environmental Protection Agency Susan Hahn American Petroleum Institute Proceedings Editors Rose

26、 Ware Melissa Ray Textbook Writers Associates, Inc. viii STD-API/PETRO PUBL LibSL-ENGL 1997 0732290 05b5323 Ab9 CONTENTS I-MONDAY, APRIL 7,1997 Session MIA: Training and Exercises-Prep Issues Chairman: Mark Weller Planning and Exercising for Success: The Four-Step, Scenario-Based Process .3 National

27、 Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP): Improving Area Contingency Plans .9 Gary L. Ott and LCDR David C. Stalfort W. Michael Kurgan and Dennis Cashman Barry McFarland and Kim Estes From Training to Testing: Details of an Aggressive Drill and Exercise Program . 15 Session M1B: Case Studi

28、es-Buffalo Marine 292 Chairman: Larry Hereth Tank Barge Buffalo 292: A Unified Response . 19 Trajectory Prediction for Barge Buffalo 292 Spill .25 CAFT Kevin J. Eldridge, LT Joseph J. Leonard, Jr., CDR Dean W. Kutz, and LTJG Monica L. Rochester Bill Lehr, Debra Simecek-Beatty, Debbie Payton, Jerry G

29、alt, Glen Watabayashi, Robert D. Martin, and Ruben Solis33 Robert D. Martin, Jr., Ilene Byron, and Robert Pavia Tricia Clark, Beatrice Stong, and Ben Benson Evolution of Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team Activities During the Buffalo 292 Oil Spill . 33 Recovery of Tarmats Using Commercial Shrimping

30、Boats During the Buffulo 292 Spill . .41 Session M1C: Response-Edible Oils Chairman: Glen Wiltshire Regulatory Approaches to Oils Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 -51 Edible Oils: Are They Really That Different? . .59 Walter M. Hunt, Jr. and J. Gregory

31、Parks Don Rigger Session M1D: Planning-Liability and Compensation Chaimn: Dan Sheehan Should the Limits of Liability Be Changed?. .63 International Regime for Compensation for Pollution from Tankers .69 D. S. Hartley III and Barbara G. Beckerman Mans Jacobson II-TUESDAY, APRIL 8,1997 Session T1A: Te

32、chnology-Equipment Chairman: Chris Gregory Texas Automated Buoy System: Real-Time Currents for Oil Spill Response. . .75 Robert D. Martin, Jr., F. J. Kelly, Linwood L. Lee, and Norman L. Guinasso, Jr. Elliott Taylor and Edward H. Owens F. Clement, P. Gunter, and D. Oland Specialized Mechanical Equip

33、ment for Shoreline Cleanup . .79 Trials of Recovery and Cleanup Techniques on Bitumen Derived from Onmulsion . .89 Session TlB: Spill Management-Health and Safety Chairman: Paul Egner Managing Personnel in Sustained Spill Response Efforts .95 Capt. Vincent Cantwell ix STD*API/PETRO PUBL LlbSL-ENGL 1

34、997 W 0732290 05b532Ll 7T5 m Modeling Airborne Levels of Some Volatile Components in Oil Spills . 101 Health and Safety Issues During Cold Weather Oil Spill Responses 109 Factors Affecting Crisis Management 115 Tianhong Zhou and Kau-Fui V. Wong William Edward Hazel III and Michael J. Rancilio John T

35、. Roosen Session TZA: Technology, Research, and Development-In-Situ Burning Chair: Ann Hayward Walker Enhancing the In-Situ Burning of Five Alaskan Oils and Emulsions 121 United Kingdom In-Situ Bum Trials, Lowestoft, 1996 . 131 Smoke Plumes from In-Situ Burning of Crude Oil 137 Laboratory Studies of

36、 the Properties of In-Situ Bum Residues 149 Ian Buist, James McCourt, and Jake Morrison James Thornborough Kevin B. McGrattan, William D. Walton, and David D. Evans Ian Buist, Ken Trudel, Jake Momson, and Don Aurand Session T2B: Prevention-Human Factors Chairman: Mark vanHaverbeke Intent to Spill: E

37、nvironmental Effects of Oil Spills Caused by War, Terrorism, Vandalism, and Theft 157 The Human Physiology Underlying Alertness, Risk, and Performance in the Oil Transportation Industry. . 165 Prevention Through People 171 Alicia Watts Hosmer, Colby E. Stanton, and Julie L. Beane Capt. Vincent Cantw

38、ell Barbara E. Ornitz Sea Empress Special Session Moderator: Prof. Ron Edwards The Sea Empress Incident: Overview and Response at Sea . 177 Chris Harris The Net Environmental Benefit of a Successful Dispersant Operation at the Sea Empress Incident . 185 Tim Lunel, Jan Rusin, Nick Bailey, Chris Halli

39、well, and Louise Davies Shoreline Cleanup and Waste Disposal Issues During the Sea Empress Incident 195 Kevin Colcomb, David Bedborough, Tim Lunel, Richard Swannell, Peter Wood, Jan Rusin, Nick Bailey, Chris Halliwell, Louise Davies, Matthew Sommerville, Allan Dobie, David Mitchell, Madeleine McDona

40、gh, Kenneth Lee, Susan Shimwell, Barrie Davies, and David Harries Hydrocarbons and PAH in Fish and Shellfish from Southwest Wales Following the Seu Empress Oil Spill in 1996 .205 Robin J. Law, Carole A. Kelly, Katie L. Graham, Ruth J. Woodhead, Peter E, J. Dyrynda, and Elisabeth A. Dyrynda Jon Moore

41、, Stephen Evans, Blaise Bullimore, Jane Hodges, Robin Crump, Julian Cremona, Francis Bunker, Dale Rostron, Annette Little, Yvonne Chamberlain, Peter Dyrynda, and Adrian Worley Stephen J. Parr, Robert J. Haycock, and Malcolm E. Smith Stephen Hill and Jane Bryan Kenneth Lee, Tim Lunel, Peter Wood, Ric

42、hard Swannell, and Patricia Stoffyn-Egli Seu Empress Spill: Impacts on Marine and Coastal Habitats . .213 The Impact of the Sea Empress Oil Spill on Birds of the Pembrokeshire Coast and Islands .217 Economic Impact of the Seu Empress Spillage. . .227 Shoreline Cleanup by Acceleration of Clay-Oil Flo

43、cculation Processes .235 Session T3A: Planning-International Chairman: George Jardim New Zealand: “Down Under” Oil Spill Contingency Planning . .241 Promoting Oil Spill Preparedness in Egypt: Joint Government/Industry Exercise .247 John T. Roosen Art J. Schroeder, Jr., Magdi Omar, Robert E. DeHart I

44、I, Mohamed A. Fawzi, and Ian Stirk X .- - STD-API/PETRO PUBL YbSL-ENGL 1777 m 0732270 05b5125 b3L Which Plan Should I Use? An Integration of Pipeline Response Plans . .253 The “One Plan” Project: Government and Industry Working to Simplify Facility Emergency Response Planning .261 Martin A. Cramer a

45、nd Ronald J. Kalas Jim Staves and Jim Taylor Session T3B: Response-Shorelines Chairman: Gary Petrae Shoreline Cleanup in Norway: Lessons Learned and Recommendations . .265 Biological Optimization of Hydraulic Cleaning of Oiled Coarse-Sediment Beaches: Preliminary Results . .271 An Integrated Approac

46、h to Shoreline Mapping for Spill Response Planning in Canada .277 Application of Recent Technical Advances to the Decision Process for Shoreline Treatment . .289 Chantal C. Gunette, Linn Aasnes, and Odd Arne Follum Garry Mauseth, Gerald Erickson, Steven Brocco, and Gary Sergy Roger J. Percy, Stephan

47、e R. LeBlanc, and Edward H. Owens Edward H. Owens and Gary A. Sergy Session T3C: Technology, Research, and Development-Oil Properties Chaiman: Keith Dabney SINTEF/IKU Oil-Weathering Model: Predicting Oils Properties at Sea . .297 Crude Oil Vanadium and Nickel Content Can Predict Emulsification Tende

48、ncy . .39 Oil Slick Classification: A System for the Characterization and Documentation of Oil Slicks .315 Utilization of New Technologies in an Ohio River Spills Detection System. ,323 Per S. Daling, Ole Morten Aamo, Alun Lewis, and Tove Streim-Kristiansen Gerard P. Canevari and Robert J. Fiocco Al

49、an A. Allen and Dean H. Dale Jonathan A. McSayles, Isabel E. Caputa, and Peter Tennant Session T4A: Perceptions-Media Relations Chic Bonnie Chaikind Relationships with the Media During the Buflalo 292 Oil Spill . .329 Feeding the Media Frenzy Without Getting Bit . .331 Public Affairs: Balancing on the Tightrope Between Full Disclosure and Avoiding Further Risk. . .335 Communicating the Risks of an Oil Spill: Why, When, and How? .339 Lieutenant Gregory N. DeLong Jim Milbury Carolyn M. White Bob Wilkerson and Terry Lauder Session T4B: Environmental Effects-Resources a