1、STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b53-ENGL 2977 t7732270 05b729L 788 W American % Petroleum niiL_- Institute E- FUGITIVE EMISSION FACTORS FOR CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCT PIPELINE FACILITIES STD.API/PETRO PUBL Llb53-ENGL 1797 0732270 05b72Ll2 bLq Qne of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality
2、 of the petroleum industry is the publics concerns about the environment, health and safety. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward-looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This initiative aims to build understanding and
3、credibility with stakeholders by continually improving our industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting performance; and communicating with the public. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated
4、to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and t
5、o use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implemen
6、t cost-effective management practices: O To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. 4 To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of ou
7、r employees and the public. 4 To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. O To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety,
8、 health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. 4 To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. 4 To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those reso
9、urces by using energy efficiently. 4 To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. O To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. O To work with others to resolve pr
10、oblems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. O To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. O To promote these principles and practices by sharing exper
11、iences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b53-ENGL 1997 W 0732270 05b7243 550 H Fugitive Emission Factors for Crude Oil and Product Pipeline Facilities Health and Environmental
12、Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4653 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: MICHAEL WEBB STAR ENVI RON MENTAL PO Box 21 32 Si. GEORGE, UTAH 84771 JUNE 1997 American Petroleum 1 Institute - STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b53-ENGL 1997 0732290 05b724Y Y97 = FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS
13、OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING
14、 HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT CO
15、V- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETERS PAmNT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Aff rights resewed. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mec
16、hanical, photocopying. recording, or otherwise. without prior written permission from the publisher Contact the publisher. API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright Q 1997 American Petroleum Institute iii STD*API/PETRO PUBL qb53-ENGL 1777 0732290 05b72Li5 323 ACK
17、NOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT: MI STAFF CO NTACT Paul Martino, Health and Environmental Sciences Department F INA Denise Michelson, Chairperson, Arco Transportation Company Lee Gi
18、lmer, Texaco Research Kare1 Jelinek, BP Oil John King, Shell Development Company Gary Kizior, Amoco Corporation George Lauer, Arco Miriam Lev-On, Arco Dan Van Der Zanen, Chevron Research Light crude oil - controlled (one pipeline); Heavy crude oil - uncontrolled (one pipeline); Product - uncontrolle
19、d (two pipelines); and Product - controlled (one pipeline). Emission frequencies (number of components with measurable hydrocarbon emissions per I00 components screened) of uncontrolled light crude oil and uncontrolled heavy crude oil pipeline facilities are similar to the emission frequencies of li
20、ght crude and heavy crude production sites, respectively (see Table 24 and Figure 2-1 on page 2-3). The emission frequency of uncontrolled product pipeline facilities is between the ES-I STD-API/PETRO PUBL gb53-ENGL 1797 0732270 05b7252 5b3 = emission frequencies of heavy crude production and market
21、ing terminals. Based on the limited number of data points obtained at controlled pipelines, their emission frequencies may be considered similar, though possibly lower, than the emission frequencies of uncontrolled pipeline facilities. Emission factors were calculated for components at light crude o
22、il, heavy crude oil, and product pipeline facilities using the 1995 Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) default zero factors, correlation equations, and pegged source factors (1 00,000 ppmv). Emissions from components with screening values equal to background were calculated using the default zero
23、factors. Emissions from components with screening values above background but less than 100,000 ppmv were calculated using correlation equations. The measured screening values were corrected for background if the background was 5% or more of the measured screening values. Emissions from one componen
24、t that pegged the portable detection instrument at 100,000 ppmv were calculated using a pegged source factor. EPA default zero factors, correlation equations, and pegged source factors (100,000 ppmv) are shown in Table ES-I. The pipeline emission factors developed in this study are shown in Table ES
25、-2. Table ES-I. EPA Default Zero Factors, Correlation Equations, and Pegged Source Factors (1 00,000 ppmv) Default Pegged Component Zero Factor Correlation Equation Source Factor (Iblday) (I 00,000 ppmv) Threaded 0.00040 THC (Ib/dav) = 7.99E-05(SV*)0.35 1.6 Ib/dav Flange 0.00002 THC (Iblday) = 2.35E
26、-O4(SV) 4.4 Ibday Valve O. 0004 1 THC (Iblday) = 1.21 E-O4(SV) 7.4 Ib/day Open-end 0.0001 I THC (Iblday) = 1.14E-O4(SV) 4.2 Ib/day Pump Seal 0.00127 THC (Iblday) = 2.55E-O3(SV) 8.5 Ib/day Other 0.00021 THC (Iblday) = 6.98E-O4(SV) 5.8 lbiday 0.703 0.746 0.704 0.610 0.589 SOURCE: US EPA Protocol for E
27、quipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA-45WR-95-077), Nov. 7995. SV refers to the measured screening value. ES-2 STD*API/PETRO PUBL 4b53-ENGL 1777 0732270 05b7253 4TT Table ES-2. Emission Factors for Uncontrolled Pipeline Facilities (Ib/component-day) Threaded Flanges Valves OEL Pumps Others Light Cru
28、de 0.00040 0.00002 0.00043 0.00080 0.12214 0.00021 Heavy Crude 0.00040 0.00002 0.00041 0.00055 0.04175 0.00021 Product 0.00043 0.00002 0.00075 0.00358 0.1 1062 0.00251 *Open Ended Lines. Emission factors for components at uncontrolled light crude oil pipeline facilities are generally lower than emis
29、sion factors for the same components at light crude oil production sites (see Figures 2-2 to 2-7 on pages 2-9 to 2-1 1). Emission factors for uncontrolled heavy crude oil pipeline facilities are approximately the same as those for heavy crude oil production. For most equipment component types, emiss
30、ion factors for uncontrolled product pipelines are lower than for the same components at marketing terminals. Total fugitive hydrocarbon emissions were calculated for each pipeline using two methods: i) site specific screening values with EPA Correlations/Factors, and 2) site specific inventories wi
31、th emission factors developed in this study. The two sets of emission rates are shown in Table ES-3. Table ES-3. Comparison of Two Methods for Calculating Site Specific Fugitive Emissions from Pipeline Facilities Calculated Emissions (Iblday) Difference(lb/day) This Studys Factors vs. EPA Using EPA
32、Using Correlations/ This Studys Corre,ations, Factors Pipeline Pipeline Factors Factors Number TY Pe 1 Light Crude (U)* 5.04 4.51 -0.53 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Light Crude (U)* Light Crude (U)* Light Crude (U)* Light Crude (U)* Light Crude (C)* Heavy Crude (U)* Product (U)* Product (U)* Product(C)* 1.92
33、6.45 10.34 0.25 0.36 1.32 I .35 6.34 0.1 1 6.90 8.45 3.29 0.73 0.37 I .32 1.43 6.25 0.13 4.98 2.00 -7.05 0.48 0.01 0.00 0.08 -0.09 0.02 *U = Uncontrolled. *C = Controlled. ES-3 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b53-ENGL 1997 H 0732290 05b7254 33b Total emissions from the pipelines calculated using instrument scre
34、ening values and 1995 EPA Correlations/Factors range from 0.1 I pounds-per-day to 10.34 pounds-per- day; total emissions calculated using component counts (inventories) and the new emission factors developed in this study range from 0.13 pounds-per-day to 8.45 pounds-per-day. - - STD-API/PETRO PUBL
35、4b53-ENGL 1797 9 0732270 05b7255 272 Section 1 STUDY METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION Fugitive hydrocarbon emission data from petroleum production facilities, refineries, and marketing terminals were collected during several recent field studies sponsored in part by the American Petroleum Institute. The US
36、Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used the data to develop several models for predicting fugitive emissions from these segments of the petroleum industry. However, none of these studies included pipeline facilities used to transport crude oil or petroleum products. The current study focused on f
37、ugitive hydrocarbon emissions from crude oil pipelines and product pipeline facilities. O biectives The main objective of this study was to develop emission factors for crude oil pipelines and product pipelines that would be acceptable to the EPA. Additional objectives were the following: 1. 2. Obta
38、in component inventories at typical pipeline facilities; and Determine the percentage of components that have fugitive hydrocarbon emissions. Scope Ten pipeline facilities located across the United States of America (USA) were selected for the project. All components in use except those on tank tops
39、 were inventoried and screened using EPA Method 21 guidelines. Emission factors were developed for six types of components (threaded connections, flanges, valves, open-ended lines, pump seals, and others) at three types of pipeline facilities (light crude oil, heavy crude oil, and product). Fugitive
40、 emission rates were calculated for each of the sites using the new emission factors. 1-1 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4653-ENGL L997 0732270 05b725b LO7 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY A variety of crude oil pipeline and product pipeline facilities was selected. Six light crude oil pipelines, one heavy crude oil
41、pipeline, and three product pipelines were included. The following types of pipeline facilities were inventoried and screened: Originating pump stations. These stations receive crude oil directly from the production field. Most stations have tank batteries that briefly store the produced oil between
42、 the time it is produced and the time it is shipped out in the pipeline. Typically, the crude oil has been stabilized (dissolved gases have been removed) before it is received at the originating pump station. Originating stations range from small to large depending on the number of surrounding wells
43、 and their production rates. Small stations may have one to three medium-sized oil storage tanks and one or more shipping pumps ranging from 200 horsepower to possibly 500 horsepower. Large stations may have as many as 20 storage tanks and several shipping pumps of 1,000 horsepower or more. 0 Booste
44、r pump stations. These stations contain one or more pumps, inlet and outlet headers, and perhaps pipeline scraper (“pigs“) receivers and launchers. These stations are used to increase pressure inside the line when the pipeline climbs in elevation or when internal friction has reduced the pressure to
45、 the minimum pressure desired. A pipeline in flat terrain may have a booster station every 50 to 100 miles; booster stations may be closer in rising terrain and less close in declining terrain. Booster stations do not have oil storage tanks. These stations are typically small; many cover less than a
46、n acre. 0 Break-out pump stations. Break-out pump stations are like booster pump stations except that they have storage tanks. The storage tanks may serve any of several purposes. They may be used to accommodate surges in shipping rates from the originating pump stations. They may also be used to re
47、ceive production directly from wells located along the pipeline route. If the pipeline is a common carrier (used to ship oil or product from more than one company), the tanks may be used to control differences in shipping and receiving schedules of the different companies. A break-out station typica
48、lly has from two to ten storage tanks and two to six pumps. 0 Central shipping stations. A central shipping station is similar to a break-out station but larger. Typical shipping stations have 20 or more large storage tankg and 20 or morepumps as high as 3,000 horsepower. These stations are capable
49、of receiving and storing oil or product from several pipeline systems. The central station usually feeds crude oil or product into one or more large lines for long distance transportation (I ,000 miles or more). 1-2 0 Terminals. The terminus of a crude oil pipeline may be at a refinery or chemical plant that uses the oil as feedstock. The terminus of a product pipeline may be a distribution system and/or marketing terminal where the product can be loaded into trucks or railroad cars. Study Site Selection A variety of crude oil pipeline and product p
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