1、7 _ .- STD-APIIPETRO PUBL qbb3-ENGL 1797 07322717 ObB37b0 7T5 0 American 1220 L Street, Northwest Petroleum Washington, DC 20005-4070 Institute 202-682-8321 December 8, 1998 To: Consumers of QIs Publication 4663, Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils at Oil and Gas Production Facilities From: The Ameri
2、can Petroleum Institute: Health and Environmental Sciences Department Enclosed is a single, double-sided, replacement sheet for pages H-3 and H-4 of Appendix H of the Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils at Oil and Gas Production Facilities publication. Note the following changes in bold type to page
3、H-3 only: Final volume needed = (spill volume)(spill soil EC - target soil EC)l/(target EC - receiver EC) Using previous example (assumes receiver EC = O rnrnhoslcm): Final soil volume needed = (300 CU ft)(24 - 41/14 - O) = 48W 1,500 CU ft Then, (+880 1,500 CU ft) = i;8ee 1,500 sq ft 1 ft thickness
4、Since incorporated thickness is 0.5 ft, then W00 3,000 sq ft total area is required Then, (300 CU ft)/(- 3,000 sq ft) 12 in/ft = .F 1.2 inch thick salt-affected soil spread over - 3,000 sq ft Please remove the old sheet and insert the corrected version. An equal opporiuniy employer STD*API/PETRO PUB
5、L Libb3-ENGL 1997 0732290 b13920 019 E Therefore, 300 CU ft salt-affected soil spread to 1 inch thickness over 3,600 sq ft and incorporated to a final depth of 6 inches will decrease EC from 24 to 4 mmhoskm. However, if the receiver soil also contains a measurable salt concentration, a more refined
6、calculation may be required. The following data are required: target salt concentration (salt criteria to be met), salt level of the salt-affected soil, salt level of the receiver soil, and volume of spill-affected soil. The calculation provides the final soil volume required, which is then converte
7、d into final land area required based on 3 inches of available depth. The calculation is performed as follows: Final volume needed = (spill volume)(spill soil EC - target soil EC)l/(target EC - receiver EC) Using previous example (assumes receiver EC = O mmhos/cm): Final soil volume needed = (300 CU
8、 ft)(24 - 41/(4 - O) = 1,500 CU ft Then, (1,500 CU ft) = 1,500 sq ft 1 ft thickness Since incorporated thickness is 0.5 ft, then 3,000 sq ft total area is required Then, (300 CU ft)/(3,000 sq ft)l2 in/ft = 1.2 inch thick salt-affected soil spread over 3,000 sq ft Example 2: Spill soil volume = 300 C
9、U ft; spill soil EC = 24 mmhoslcm; receiver EC = 1.5 mmhodcm; target EC = 4 mmhodcm Final soil volume needed = (300 CU ft)(24 - OM4 - 1.5) = 2,400 CU ft Then, (2,400 CU ft) = 2,400 sq ft 1 ft thickness Since incorporated thickness is 0.5 ft, then 4,800 sq ft total area required. Then, (300 CU ft)/(4
10、,800 sq ft)12 inlft = 0.75 inches (or 3/4 inch) thick salt- affected soil spread over 4,800 sq ft and incorporated to a final 6 inch thick- ness will decrease EC from 24 to 4 mmhoskm Similar calculations can be made for exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and ot
11、her constituents with linear concentration expressions. Because its concentration is expressed in logarithmic form, pH cannot be calculated by this method. The land area required and thickness of spreading should be adjusted to allow for sampling and analytical variability, An expansion of the final
12、 land area required and a corresponding reduction of spreading thickness of about 1.3 times should provide for this variability. Because of the potential for salt concentrations to increase at the soil surface during evaporative periods, a top dressing of gypsum may help minimize soil dispersion. BU
13、RIAL PROCEDURES Shallow burial (IO0 ft and a plastic or clay cap is used, the potential risk of groundwater contamination is minimal. The cost of deep burial techniques (if there is sufficient soil) is on the order of $2,000 for a modest-sized spill site. If the soil is shallow with underlying bedro
14、ck, the cost of deep burial can be ten times as great. DISPOSAL WELL INJECTION If produced water spillage is in a shallow depression with relatively loose soil, slurry and injec- tion may be appropriate. In slurry/injection, freshwater is added to the spill site and mixed with the salt-affected soil
15、. The slurry is then removed by vacuum truck and taken to a commercial disposal well permitted for oil and gas waste. This procedure is limited to very small spills where the slurry can be thin enough not to cause injection problems. IN SITU AND u( SITU SOIL WASHING Soil washing is a very fast but o
16、ften costly operation which combines high mechanical energy agitation with application of chemical amendments in order to remove salts, including sodium, from the salt-affected soil. The soil is often, but not always, removed from its original location. Soil washing is typically performed by soil wa
17、shing contractors who have appropriate equipment and are aware of the soil chemistry involved. Generally, the soil is kept in a chemically floccu- lated slurry during the entire process. Depending on soil texture, salinity, sodicity, and pH lev- els, salts are leached with increasingly less saline w
18、ater to a certain salinity level before chemical amendments are added to begin to displace sodium. When the soil is at an accept- able salinity and sodicity level, it can be returned to its original location or taken to another site. Although this process is rapid and has the potential to be very th
19、orough, it tends to be expensive. H-4 neriian Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, DC 20005-4070 Tel: 2026824321 Fax: 202682-8270 E-mail: ehs-apiapi.org Name: Pamela Greene Title: Publications Assistant 1 O11 5/98 To: Purchasers of Publication 4663, Remediation of Salt-Affected S
20、oils at Oil and Gas Production Facilities From: Health and Environmental Sciences Department Attached are errata pages B-34 and H-3 - H-4 for MI Publication 4663, Remediation of Salt- Afected Soils at Oil and Gas Production Facilities. Page B-34, Worksheet 5 - Post-Remediation Monitoring and Proiect
21、 Termination, was excluded from your publication in error. Insert this page at the end of Appendix B (as the final page). A correction was made to page H-3 of Appendix H, which is backed to page H-4. Both pages should be replaced. Thank you. An equal opportunity employer . Year - WORKSHEEB5 - POST-R
22、EMEDIATION MONITORING AND PROJECT TERMINATION Winter Date Taken Spring Date Taken Fall Date Taken Site Name: Spill ID No.: Date Initially Reported: Date Terminatikm Anticipated (2 yr from date remed. complete): Category of Remdation Used: Date Remediation Completed: Date Result Acceptable Report to
23、ue Sent Criteria Spill Site Background (YW I I I I 1 I Comparative Plant Yield Documentation: I I I Declared to I Declared Date I Interest Group Kegulatory Legal Corporate B-34 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4bb3-ENGL 1997 0732290 0612669 292 Therefore, 300 CU ft salt-affected soil spread to 1 inch thickness ov
24、er 3,600 sq ft and incorporated to a final depth of 6 inches will decrease EC from 24 to 4 mmhos/cm. However, if the receiver soil also contains a measurable salt concentration, a more refined calcula- tion may be required. The following data are required: target salt concentration (salt criteria to
25、 be met), salt level of the salt-affected soil, salt level of the receiver soil, and volume of spill-affected soil. The calculation provides the final soil volume required, which is then converted into final land area required based on 3 inches of available depth. The calculation is performed as fol
26、lows: Final volume needed = (spill volume)(spill soil EC - target EC)/(target EC - receiver EC) Using previous example (assumes receiver EC = O mmhodcm): Final soil volume needed = (300 CU ft)(24 - 4)/(4 - O) = 1,800 CU ft Then, (I ,800 CU ft) = 1,800 sq ft 1 ft thickness Since incorporated thicknes
27、s is 0.5 ft, then 3,600 sq ft total area is required Then, (300 CU ft)/(3,600 sq ft)12 in/ft = I inch thick sait-affected soil spread over 3,600 sq ft Example 2: Spill soil volume = 300 CU ft; spill soil EC = 24 mmhoslcm; receiver EC = 1.5 mmhoslcm; target EC = 4 mmhoslcm Final soil volume needed =
28、(300 CU ft)(24 - 4)/(4 - 1.5) = 2,400 CU ft Then, (2,400 CU ft) = 2,400 sq ft 1 ft thickness Since incorporated thickness is 0.5 ft, then 4,800 sq ft total area required. Then, (300 CU ft)/(4,800 sq ft)12 in/ft = 0.75 inches (or 3/4 inch) thick salt-affected soil spread over 4,800 sq ft and incorpor
29、ated to a final 6 inch thickness will decrease EC from 24 to 4 mmhos/cm Similar calculations can be made for exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and other constituents with linear concentration expressions. Because its concentration is expressed in logarithmic f
30、orm, pH cannot be calculated by this method. The land area required and thickness of spreading should be adjusted to allow for sampling and analytical variability. An expansion of the final land area required and a corresponding reduction of spreading thickness of about 1.3 times should provide for
31、this variability. Because of the potential for salt concentrations to increase at the soil surface during evaporative periods, a top dressing of gypsum may help minimize soil dispersion. BURIAL PROCEDURES Shallow burial (e4 ft) is undesirable because the salt will typically remain in the root zone a
32、nd may cause significant vegetative stress for many years. The process of deep burial involves cutting a slot the width of a bulldozer blade of sufficient depth to allow 5 ft of freeboard when the salt-affected soil is placed in the excavation. The soil removed from the slot is then used to cover th
33、e slot and replace the salt-affected soil. H-3 _ _ _ _ STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4bb3-ENGL 1997 0732290 Ob12670 TO4 D The 5-ft depth is normally sufficient to prevent capillary action from bringing the salt back to the surface. If desired, a capillary barrier of clay or plastic can also be used if the slot
34、 is kept narrow. (The slot may have to be wider than a bulldozer blade for safety. The salt-affected soil should be placed only in the center of the excavation when backfilling.) Groundwater is the critical issue in deep burial. Deep burial is most appropriate in arid areas with deep soils and groun
35、dwater. If groundwater is IO0 ft and a plastic or clay cap is used, the potential risk of groundwater contamination is minimal. The cost of deep burial techniques (if there is sufficient soil) is on the order of $2,000 for a modest- sized spill site. If the soil is shallow with underlying bedrock, t
36、he cost of deep burial can be ten times as great. DISPOSAL WELL INJECTION If produced water spillage is in a shallow depression with relatively loose soil, slurry and injection may be appropriate. In slurry/injection, freshwater is added to the spill site and mixed with the salt- affected soil. The
37、slurry is then removed by vacuum truck and taken to a commercial disposal well permitted for oil and gas waste. This procedure is limited to very small spills where the slurry can be thin enough not to cause injection problems. IN SITU AND EX SITU SOIL WASHING Soil washing is a very fast but often c
38、ostly operation which combines high mechanical energy agitation with application of chemical amendments in order to remove salts, including sodium, from the salt-affected soil. The soil is often, but not always, removed from its original location. Soil washing is typically performed by soil washing
39、contractors who have appropriate equipment and are aware of the soil chemistry involved. Generally, the soil is kept in a chemically flocculated slurry during the entire process. Depending on soil texture, salinity, sodicity, and pH levels, salts are leached with increasingly less saline water to a
40、certain salinity level before chemical amendments are added to begin to displace sodium. When the soil is at an acceptable salinity and sodicity level, it can be returned to its original location or taken to another site. Although this process is rapid and has the potential to be very thorough, it t
41、ends to be expensive. H-4 STD.API/PETRO PUBL Libb3-ENGL 1777 O7322qO Ob0280b T72 American Petroleum Institute REMEDIATION OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS AT OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION FACILITIES Health and Environmental Sciences Department Publication Number 4663 October 1997 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4bb3-ENGL 1997 07
42、32290 Ob02807 909 Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils at Oil and Gas Production Facilities Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4663 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: DAVID J. CARTY, PH.D., CPSS, STEPHEN M. SWETISH, M.S. WILLIAM F. PRIEBE, P.E., AND WAYNE CRAWLEY, M.S., CPSS
43、K. W. BROWN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (KWBES) 501 GRAHAM ROAD COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS 77845 OCTOBER 1997 American Petroleum Institute American Petroleum 4 Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members of the American Petroleum
44、 Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, an
45、d others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to priorit
46、ize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices: PRINCIPLES o o o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the enviro
47、nment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on si
48、gnificant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resour
49、ces and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safes, health and environmental effects of our raw materiais, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safe
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