API PUBL 4670-1998 Selecting Field Analytical Methods a Decision-Tree Approach《选拔现场分析方法决策树方法》.pdf

1、STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4bO-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob11749 498 - American Petroleum Institute SELECTING FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS A DECISION-TREE APPROACH HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT PUBLICATION NUMBER 4670 AUGUST 1998 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 = 0732270 Ob11750 LOT American Petroleum

2、Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles MISSION The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy

3、 resources and supplying high qualiiy products and services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the pub

4、lic. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-eflective management practices: o To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materiais, products a

5、nd operations. PRINCIPLES o To operate or plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. o To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, an

6、d our development of new products and processes. o To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. o To counsel customers, transporters and ot

7、hers in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. o To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, heaith

8、and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. o To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. o To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. o To participate with governme

9、nt and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. o To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materiais, p

10、etroleum products and wastes. STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 m 0732290 ObLL751 04b I SELECTING FIELD ANALYTICAL METHODS A DECISION-TREE APPROACH Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4670 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: THOMAS R. CLARK IT CORPORATION CINCINNATI, OHIO 452

11、46 DR. WILFRIED STAUDT TIM DOUTHIT MONROE, CONNECTICUT 06468 LAND TECH REMEDIAL, INC. AUGUST 1998 American Petroleum Institute STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 II 0332270 0633752 T82 FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES

12、, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL, LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING TH

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14、 IN ITY FOR J“GEMENT OF LETTERS PAEW. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Ail rights reserved. No part of rhLr work my be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without prior wr

15、itten permission from the publishe,: Contact the publishei; API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W, Wmhingron, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1998 American Petroleum Institute iii Previous page is blank STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob33753 919 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECO

16、GNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Roger Claff, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE SITE CHARACTERIZA?ON WORKGROUP Dominic Deangelis, Chairperson, Mobil Oil Corporation Dwayne Conrad,

17、Texaco Al Durand, Imperial Oil Limited Albert O. Learned, Marathon Oil Company A.E. Liguori, Exxon Research and Engineering Company Karl Loos, Shell Development Company Eugene R. Mancini, Atlantic Richfield Company Chris ONeill, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation R. Edward Payne

18、, Mobil Oil Corporation Len Raciopi, Exxon Research and Engineering Company Charlita Rosai, EPA-Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Adolfo E. Silva, Petro-Canada, Inc. Cindy L. Smith, Phillips Petroleum Company Chad Van Sciver, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection iv STDOAPIIPET

19、RO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 0732290 0611754 855 ABSTRACT A large number of portable instnunents and techniques are available to perform on-site analyses of organic compounds in soil, groundwater, and soil gas samples at petroleum release sites. The appropriate selection and use of these methods can resul

20、t in increased spatial site information in less time and with fewer phases of assessment than is typical using conventional sampling methods and off-site laboratories. There is some reluctance to using field analytical methods because of the lack of regulatory acceptance and the perception that fiel

21、d methods do not provide data of adequate quality for making decisions. This report makes no recommendations, but presents a decision-tree approach for selecting and using field analytical methods. This approach will assist the user in the generation of higher- quality field analytical data by promp

22、ting selection of the appropriate method for the sites investigation goal. Quality assurance guidelines specific to the desired data quality level are also presented, to increase the credibility of the data by documenting method performance. The report also provides training suggestions and easy-to-

23、use checklists for field quality control and formal documentation. STD.API/PETRO PUBL Yb70-ENGL 1998 E 0732290 Ob3333755 791 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . e5-1 1 . INTRODUCTION . 1-1 2 . HOW TO USE THE DECISION TREE APPROACH . 2-1 FLOW CHART STEP ONE: WHAT IS THE INVESTIGATION GOAL? . . 2.

24、4 FLOW CHART STEP TWO: WHAT IS THE OPERATIONAL SCENARIO OF THE INVESTIGATION GOAL? 2-5 Operational Scenarios for Investigation Goal 1. Release Cobation 2-5 Operational Scenarios for Investigation Goal 2. Con taminant Distribution Assessment . 2-6 Operational Scenarios for Investigation Goal 3. Monit

25、oring . 2-7 Operational Scenarios for Investigation Goal 4. Closure . 2-8 FLOW CHART STEP THREE: WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BEING INVESTIGATED? 2-9 Product Types and Regulated Compounds . 2-10 Gasoline 2-10 Diesel/FuelOil . 2-10 Kerosene and Jet Fuel . 2-11 FLOW CHART STEP FOUR: WH

26、AT MEDIA WILL BE ANALYZED DURING THE INVESTIGATION? 2-13 OF DATA QUALITY PER INVESTIGATION GOAL? 2-14 FLOW CHART STEP FIVE: WHAT IS THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL Level of Data Quality 1 2-16 Level of Data Quality 2 2-17 Level of Data Quality 3 2-18 Level of Data Quality 4 2-18 FLOW CHART STEP SIX: WHAT ARE

27、THE FIELD ANALYTICAL METHOD OPTIONS PER LEVEL OF DATA QUALITY? . 2-19 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL L998 0732290 ObLL75b 628 FLOW CHART STEP SEVEN: WHAT ARE THE QNQC PROCE- DURES PER SELECTED FIELD ANALYTICAL METHOD? 2-20 OPTIONS INFORMATION BY DECISION TREE STEP 2-20 3 . ITERATIVE SAMPLING APPROACH

28、3-1 4 . TRAINING 4-1 TRAINING SEQUENCE FOR TECHNICAL FIELD PERSONNEL . 4-1 Approach 4-1 5 . QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL PROTOCOL 5-1 ANALYTICALPROCEDURES 5-1 EPA-Approved Methods 5-1 Non-Standard or Modified Methods . 5-1 DATA QUALITY VALIDATION 5-1 Blanks 5-2 Surrogate Standards 5-2 Matri

29、x Spikes and Matrix Spike Duplicates . 5-3 Duplicate Samples . 5-3 Precision . 5-3 Accuracy 5-4 Method Detection Limit (MDL) 5-4 CALIBRATION PROCEDURES . 5-5 Instrument Calibration 5-5 Calibration Verification . 5-6 PROFICIENCY AND QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES . 5-6 EPA Proficiency Evaluation Study 5-6 Q

30、uality Control Standards . 5-6 DATA REDUCTION AND REPORTING 5-7 DataReduction 5-7 DataReportkg 5-7 REFERENCES . 6-1 STD=API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 0732290 Ob11757 564 Appendix A GLOSSARY OF TERMS A-1 Appendix B DECISION TREE FLOW CHARTS . B-1 Appendix C EXAMPLE DECISION TREE APPLICATIONS . C-1 Ap

31、pendix D QUALITY ASSURANCE PACKAGES WITH LOG SHEETS . D-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 2-6 Table 4-1 Table 5-1 Commonly Regulated Compounds . 2-11 Gasoline Analytical Instruments . 2-12 Diesel and Fuel Oil Analytical Instruments . 2-12 Kerosene and Jet Fuel

32、Analytical Instruments . 2-12 Options Information . 2-21 TrainingReqUirements 4-1 Students t Values for MDL Calculations . 5-5 LevelsofDataQuality . 2-15 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3-1 Iterative Sampling Approach Schematic 3-2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4670-ENGL 1998 0732290 ObLL758 4TO = EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Thr

33、oughout the environmental remediation industry, there has been a drive to reconcile the time constraints and regimentation of “phased” investigations that occur in discrete steps, with a more fluid process of continuous sampling, analysis, and real-time decision making. This has been the case for pe

34、troleum product release sites, where a great deal is now known about the hydrocarbons involved and the specific indicator constituents of concern. This publication presents a different approach, through a Decision Tree, for the selection of appropriate field methods for the on-site testing of petrol

35、eum compounds in both soil and groundwater, which would be a key part of accelerated site characterizations (ASCs). The manual addresses the primary constituents of petroleum fuels benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes TEX); total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

36、 (PAHs). The methods selected for inclusion in the flow charts are mature, off- the-shelf technologies that measure these constituents. There are other technologies more recently available for these constituents and for constituents not included (e.g., metals). However, alternative methods and other

37、 non-petroleum constituents can also be considered within the context of the Decision Tree approach. A unique decision process flow chart (Section 2) is designed with “decision steps,” to assist the site manager and regulatory remediation project managers with a tool to more efficiently manage the o

38、ptimization of analytical data in the field, and to help determine the appropriate level of data quality (LDQ) needed for the job at hand. The analytical field method selection process is, therefore, job oriented and incorporates practical factors such as investigative goals, regulatory requirements

39、, data quality needs, sampling media, and constituents of concern. The Decision Tree charts are supported by quality control packages (Appendix D and Section 5). These packages contain 1) suggested quality controls in a checklist form, and 2) documentation ES-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b70-ENGL 1998 0732

40、290 Ob11759 337 log sheets. This format is designed for ease-of-use in the field, and the forms can be attached to project reports. An important part of the data optimization process, and a key advantage of on-site testing, is the opportunity for an iterative, or constant feedback approach, i.e., to

41、 repeat the sampling - evaluation process in the effort to get successively closer to desired results or goals. A version of an iterative sampling approach is illustrated in Section 3. Finally, the minimum recommended training for personnel who will perform the testing in the field is described in S

42、ection 4. Overall, the best approach to maximize the usefulness of the investigative data produced on site is to use this manual in combination with NIS sister publication, Compilation of Field Analytical Methods, Publication No. 4635, and with other references noted in the Introduction of this manu

43、al. Additionally, the manufacturers are a worthwhile source of information on applications, background chemistry, and best practices for their products. ES-2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 9670-ENGL 3998 W 0732290 0633760 059 = Section 1 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE This publication complements the API publication (D

44、ecember, 1 996), Compilation of Field Analytical Methods for Assessing Petroleum Product Releases, in which operation, practical applications, and limitations of the most widely used field analytical methods are discussed. In this publication, a Decision Tree is developed to assist project or site m

45、anagers with guidance for on-site investigations of suspected or confirmed hydrocarbon release sites, fiom an initial site assessment to site closure. The Decision Tree is complemented by method-specific quality assurance/quality control (QNQC) protocols designed for the evaluation of quality, viabi

46、lity, and defensibiliw of field analytical data. Briefly, the objectives for this technology selection guidance document are: 1. To provide guidelines for field analytical technology selection and use on-site, through a Decision Tree or “Decision Flow approach; 2. To assist in generating analytical

47、data of known and consistent quality through method- specific QNQC protocol packages; 3. To assure that the method sensitivity, accuracy, and precision meet the decision-making needs of the project or site manager, the client, and the regulatory agencies; and 4. To guide the regulated community in p

48、roducing consistent and defensible field documentation and training for field personnel. BACKGROUND The use of field analytical methods for investigations of petroleum hydrocarbon release sites has gained broader attention in recent years as part of more cost-effective, single mobilization site asse

49、ssments. This increasingly popular concept has been discussed as Expedited Site Assessment (ESA) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPAs) Office of Underground Storage Tanks (UST), as Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum Releases in the ASTM PS 3 guide, as Expedited Site Characterization by the Department of 1-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b70-ENGL 1994 0732290 Ob1L7bL T95 Energy, or as Expedited Site Closure Approach (ESCAB) by Land Tech Remedial, Inc. All of these single mobilization site assessment concepts have in commo