1、STD-APIIPETRO PUBL 4688-ENGL 3999 0732290 Ob39447 the gray highlight boxes identify the sections in the document for further discussion. The four steps in the process are: problem definition technology selection contractor selection implementation The first step in the evaluation process is to defin
2、e the treatment problem. The operator/engineer should start by collecting information on the wastewater and terminal site. The wastewater is characterized by: Consideration of typical wastewater sources, and Sampling and analysis of the terminals wastewater to define its quality and volume/flow rate
3、. Identifying the constraints of the site (such as location, size and access to utilities) and the applicable permits (e.g., RCRA, NPDES, and air) completes the problem definition. Once the problem is defined, the next step is to evaluate and select the appropriate treatment technology. This is done
4、 by first identifying the contaminants, based on the wastewater characteristics and sitelpermit limitations defined earlier. The terminal operatorlengineer should use information on the available mobile treatment technologies and their efficiencies in treating specific contaminants (see Tables 3-1 a
5、nd 3-2) to select an appropriate treatment technology. ES-I The operatodengineer should consider the economic ramifications such as the capital, operation, and maintenance costs as well as the technical feasibility of each technology. Once the treatment technology is chosen, the terminal operator/en
6、gineer should select a competent contractor to mobilize and operate the treatment system. In Section 4.0, there is a checklist (Figure 4-1) that identifies the essential elements of contractor selection. The issues to consider in contractor selection are: Experience (references and information on cu
7、rrent projects) Cost (including mobilization, treatment and demobilization) Warranty (including liability for pilot tests and permitting) Residuals (handling, treatment and disposal) Additional services (including analytical and permitting services) Re Re Re Prior to selecting the contractor, the op
8、eratorlengineer should evaluate the proposed implementation of the mobile treatment system. Also, he/she should review the contractors past performance and proposed methodology for performing: Treatability testing Performance verification Process control instrumentation Startup/shutdown procedures S
9、tandard Operating Practices (SOPS) Operator certification and training (including health and safety) Spill control Contingencies ES-2 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b88-ENGL 1999 0732290 Obl94bO b34 Before committing to a mobile treatment system and contractor, the terminal operatorlengineer should assess pote
10、ntial pitfalls such as: Control of the contractor Regulatory changes Emergencies Accumulation storage (RCRA) IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES Review Oversight Issues (Section 5.0) Assess Potential Pitfalls (Section 6.0) This document provides sufficient information to guide an operator/engineer through evaluat
11、ion of mobile treatment systems, including problem definition, treatment technology selection, contractor selection and implementation. Additional information and guidance should also be obtained from in-house technical and legal staff, or outside consultants. ES-3 STD=API/PETRO PUBL 4bBB-ENGL 1777
12、= 0332290 ObL94bL 570 I .O INTRODUCTION I .I This document provides guidance to terminal operators and engineers in evaluating and selecting mobile treatment systems for wastewater generated at petroleum distribution terminals. Purpose of the Document 1.2 Why Consider Mobile Treatment? Three reasons
13、 for terminal personnel to consider the use of mobile treatment include: wastewater does not meet final disposal requirements (e.g., NPDES permit limits) wastewater flow is of short duration (less than 3 months per year) and can have significant volume (more than 10,000 gallons) resources (labor, ti
14、me, and capital budget) are limited Mobile treatment systems may not be appropriate for all wastewater streams at a petroleum terminal. In some cases, transportation to an off-site treatment facility or construction of a permanent treatment system is a better choice. 1.3 As indicated on Table 1-1 ,
15、mobile treatment systems have distinct advantages over other alternatives. Mobile treatment is often more appropriate than on-site permanent treatment or transportation off-site. First of all, mobile treatment requires little or no capital improvements to implement. Treatment can begin rapidly becau
16、se the mobilization and installation are so quick. Mobile treatment technologies are flexible so that they can be easily moved from site to site to treat flows that occur over a short time period. In addition, the labor and expertise to install and operate a mobile system are supplied by the contrac
17、tor - a critical consideration when the terminals resources are limited. When to Use Mobile Treatment (Comparison to Other Alternatives) There are some limits, however, to using mobile treatment. Even though capital costs are generally small (e.g., utility hookup), long-term operating costs, and the
18、 costs of mobilization and demobilization, should be considered. Residual disposal and treatment costs will also increase the operation and maintenance cost. Another disadvantage of mobile treatment is the liability incurred by having contractor personnel and equipment on site for a period of time.
19、1-1 STD=API/PETRO PUBL 4688-ENGL 1999 111 0732290 0617462 407 M 1-2 STD=API/PETRO PUBL 4688-ENGL 1999 W 0732290 0639463 343 m Another drawback is the required time to manage the contractor (e.g., initial negotiations, setup, and oversight). When considering the use of mobile treatment, weigh the ben
20、efits and drawbacks of mobile treatment in relation to the other two alternatives on Table 1-1. The specific characteristics of the terminal (wastewater and location) will affect selection of the most appropriate alternative for the petroleum terminal. In general, mobile treatment should be used if
21、there is a large volume (10,000 gallons) of wastewater and flow is periodic and of short duration. On the other hand, permanent treatment should be implemented if the wastewater stream is continuous and the flow rate is relatively large. As a rule of thumb, off-site treatment should be used if the w
22、astewater volume is small (10,000 gallons) and flow is periodic. I .4 Document Overview This document addresses the four-step process for evaluating and selecting a mobile treatment system and contractor. Section 2.0 summarizes the problem definition process that includes characterization of the was
23、tewater and identification of permitting and site constraints. Section 3.0 summarizes the treatment technology selection process. Section 4.0 describes the contractor selection process. Sections 5.0 and 6.0 summarize the implementation issues to consider prior to project initiation. 1-3 STDoAPI/PETR
24、O PUBL 4hBB-ENGL 1999 0732270 ObL94bli 2BT 2.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION Overview The first step in the evaluation process is to define the treatment problem. Start by collecting information on the wastewater and terminal site. The wastewater is characterized by: Consideration of typical wastewater sources
25、, and Sampling and analysis of the terminals wastewater to define its quality and volume/flow rate. The second step is to identify the problem constraints (e.g., applicable permits and site constraints). 2.1 Wastewater Characterization 2.1.1 Sources, Quality, and Volume of Typical Terminal Effluents
26、 Sources: The primary sources of wastewater at a typical terminal are tank bottoms water (which may be a product, if petroleum hydrocarbons are recovered from it), water collected from secondary containment areas and storm water. Tank bottoms water collects in the bottom of bulk storage tanks. It re
27、sults from water included in outside deliveries, tank breathing and condensation of moisture in the air, and rain water leaking through floating roof seals. Spill containment wastewater includes all the water that collects in the loading rack spill collection system including minor amounts of oil fr
28、om drips, leaks and spills. Table 2-1 summarizes the typical sources and likely contaminants in petroleum terminal wastewater. Quality: Typical marketing terminal wastewater contains dissolved organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic ca
29、rbon (TOC), and the soluble fraction of oil and grease, which may include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), phenols, oxygenates, surfactants, and naphthenic acids. Most terminal wastewater will contain oily contaminants including oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), a
30、nd the oily fraction of BOD5, COD, and TOC (e.g., aliphatics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs). Terminal wastewater usually contains suspended solids and settleable material that can contribute to BOD5, COD and TOC. 2-1 Sanitary wastes Detergents Wastewater Type Sulfide Phenols TDS Naphthe
31、nic BTEX Surfactants Metais Toxicity Acids AM Treat O O H H H ? O H L L H H H ? H H H = High concentration or probability M = Medium concentration or probability L = Low concentration or probability O = Very low concentration or probability 7 = Unknown concentration or probability (Source: Texaco In
32、c. 1994) Note: Toxicity referi to the toxic effects of wastewater on aquatic life as measured by acute or chronic bioassays. 2-2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4688-ENGL L999 m 0732290 Ob194bb 052 6 Table 2-2 presents research data on the concentration of parameters commonly found in terminal wastewater. Volume
33、: Wastewater volume at petroleum terminals varies considerably and should be characterized, if possible, at each terminal prior to treatment. The volume of the wastewater, and the time frame during which the wastewater must be treated, determine the flow rate. This flow rate is required to properly
34、size the storage, equalization and treatment units. Based on previous surveys, terminal effluent is produced at a rate of approximately 1 O00 gallons per week (Texaco, 1994). Yearly wastewater production at terminals can range from 10,000 to 100,000 gallons (Brown and Caldwell, 1986). Tank bottoms w
35、ater makes up a small portion of the wastewater flow, but contains recoverable product. Storm water collected in loading rack spill containment systems (spill containment wastewater) makes up a larger portion of the flow. Hydrostatic test water, on the other hand, may result in high flow rates becau
36、se the large volume (from a bulk storage tank or pipeline) is released over a short time period. Flow characterization data determine the size of feed, equalization, or effluent storage tanks for continuous wastewater treatment. Wastewater flows from a feed tank through the treatment units and into
37、an effluent collection tank. If feed water and effluent storage tanks are provided, feed water and effluent can be characterized prior to treatment and discharge. The treatment technology can be adjusted to feed water characteristics and compliance with permit limits can be demonstrated. These advan
38、tages often justify the cost of the storage tanks. Once the wastewater characteristics are consistent and the technology is proven, effluent discharge without collection may be more economical. As a rule of thumb, it is impractical and expensive to collect effluents of greater than approximately 50,
39、000 gallons. 2.1.2 Characterization of Specific Wastewater Streams Identification of Contaminants of Concern: Contaminants of concern are those chemical parameters that are limited by a discharge permit or those that limit the effectiveness of potential treatment technologies. These compounds can be
40、 identified by reviewing existing characterization data, considering which parameters may be in the water as a result of operations, and reviewing existing permits. Once the parameters are identified, appropriate analyses can be defined. Table 2-3 describes the analyses for compounds commonly regula
41、ted in discharge permits for the petroleum industry. 2-3 STD*API/PETRO PUBL 4b88-ENGL 1999 H 0732290 Ob194b7 T99 H * E m S .- E 9 s 2-4 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4b88-ENGL 1797 E O732270 ObL94bB 725 R al C al al 2 m - 1. m, o0 2-5 n h uiooo Orrr dt*d mon L 2-6 :- in Cu r in * 7 o O i- C O m o L- O o C m .-
42、 - m c io I d Cu o r $ 2 O I d Cu O O o 7 j$ o IL O hl in Ei in U3 in I STD=API/PETRO PUBL 4b88-ENGL 1999 O732290 ObL47C 583 D I 1 t N I b cv 1 N a 4 N I. 3 i 3 3 3 n 3 n N O t N O Lo i 3 3 c m a z 2-7 al C O Z al C O Z al 8 Z 1 * N E o r t N L 5 J 2 D 3 i 3 i 3 i 3 i ? L ? L ? 3 i 3 z 3 ? n N -N. 3
43、88 3mm r 3 e r n 3 9 rni 2: ?-Jm -ni ce 9m ?. ?i? JCV - .a 2 I r) 2-8 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4688-ENGL 1999 0732290 Ob39472 35b m STD=API/PETRO PUB1 4b-ENGL 1919 m 0732290 ObL9473 292 Wastewater Sampling: Once the contaminants of concern and appropriate analytical methods are selected, samples are colle
44、cted. The details of sample collection are included in other documents (Texaco, 1994; USEPA, 1988). Key issues to consider when sampling are: determining sample collection location documenting sample collection and transport (.e., chain of custody) assuring representative samples assuring proper sam
45、ple size, type (composite or grab), container (e.g., VOA vial, etc.), and preservation collecting quality assurance samples (Le., duplicates and blanks) 2.2 Identification of Permitting Constraints Permitting requirements generally define the performance goals of the required treatment or the soluti
46、on to the problem. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate existing and potential permitting requirements as soon as possible. The issues to consider when identifying permit constraints are: applicable regulations (including NPDES, RCRA) discharge options agency relations These three issues are consi
47、dered together in defining the treatment process. The applicability of the regulations depends on the discharge option selected (and vice versa). Communication with local and federal agencies is critical in determining which regulations apply. 2.2.1 RCRA Considerations Because the Resource Conservat
48、ion and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations, as well as NPDES regulations, have an impact on wastewater handling at petroleum distribution terminals, RCRA regulations are discussed in some detail here. Terminal operators should be aware that states authorized to implement RCRA are required to meet the U
49、SEPA RCRA standards as a minimum. If they choose, states can elect to implement stricter regulations pertaining to the handling of RCRA-regulated wastewater. States also differ in their approach to regulating on- site and off-site treatment and the use of contractors providing transportable treatment units. The terminal should always seek to keep informed of its states regulatory requirements. Terminal wastewaters have the potential to be classified as hazardous under RCRA if they have hazardous characteristics (Le., ignitability, reactivity, corrosivity or toxicity). Some ter
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