1、Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-based Drilling FluidsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13B-1FOURTH EDITION, MARCH 2009ERRATA 1, AUGUST 2014ISO 10414-1:2008 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesField testing of drilling fluidsPart 1: Water-based fluidsSpecial NotesAPI publication
2、s necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, eith
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15、ery five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washingt
16、on, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 2 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
17、2 3.1 Symbols 2 3.2 Abbreviations . 6 4 Drilling fluid density (mud weight). 7 4.1 Principle 7 4.2 Apparatus . 7 4.3 Procedure . 7 4.4 Calculation . 8 5 Alternative drilling fluid density method . 9 5.1 Principle 9 5.2 Apparatus . 10 5.3 Procedure . 10 5.4 Calculation . 10 6 Viscosity and gel streng
18、th 11 6.1 Principle 11 6.2 Determination of viscosity using the Marsh funnel . 11 6.3 Determination of viscosity and/or gel strength using a direct-indicating viscometer . 11 7 Filtration . 14 7.1 Principle 14 7.2 Low-temperature/low-pressure test 14 7.3 High-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) test .
19、15 8 Water, oil and solids contents 18 8.1 Principle 18 8.2 Apparatus . 18 8.3 Procedure . 19 8.4 Calculation . 20 9 Sand content 22 9.1 Principle 22 9.2 Apparatus . 22 9.3 Procedure . 22 10 Methylene blue capacity . 23 10.1 Principle 23 10.2 Reagents and apparatus . 23 10.3 Procedure . 24 10.4 Calc
20、ulation . 26 11 pH 26 11.1 Principle 26 11.2 Reagents and apparatus . 27 11.3 Procedure for pH measurement . 28 iv 11.4 Care of electrode . 29 12 Alkalinity and lime content 29 12.1 Principle . 29 12.2 Reagents and apparatus 30 12.3 Procedure Phenolphthalein and methyl orange filtrate alkalinities 3
21、0 12.4 Procedure Phenolphthalein drilling fluid alkalinity 31 12.5 Calculation of ion concentrations from Pf and Mf . 31 12.6 Estimation of lime content . 31 13 Chloride ion content . 32 13.1 Principle . 32 13.2 Reagents and apparatus 32 13.3 Procedure 32 13.4 Calculation . 32 14 Total hardness as c
22、alcium . 33 14.1 Principle . 33 14.2 Reagents and apparatus 33 14.3 Procedure 34 14.4 Calculation . 35 Annex A (informative) Chemical analysis of water-based drilling fluids 36 Annex B (informative) Shear strength measurement using shearometer tube . 52 Annex C (informative) Resistivity . 54 Annex D
23、 (informative) Removal of air or gas prior to testing 56 Annex E (informative) Drill pipe corrosion ring coupon 57 Annex F (informative) Sampling, inspection and rejection 61 Annex G (informative) Rig-site sampling . 63 Annex H (informative) Calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, v
24、iscometers, retort-kit cup and drilling fluid balances 66 Annex I (normative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of water-based drilling fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with set-screw-secured end caps 71 Annex J (normative) High-temperature/high-pre
25、ssure filtration testing of water-based drilling fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with threaded end caps 81 Annex K (informative) Water-based drilling fluids report form . 90 Bibliography . 91 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a
26、 worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represente
27、d on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are draf
28、ted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Sta
29、ndard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10414-1 was prepare
30、d by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10414-1:2001), to which Annex
31、es I, J and K have been added and other minor changes made to the sentence structure, grammar and other non-technical editing. ISO 10414 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Field testing of drilling fluids: Part 1: Water-based fluids Part 2:
32、Oil-based fluids vi Introduction This part of ISO 10414 is based on API RP 13B-1, third edition, December 20032 and ISO 10414 (all parts)6. Annexes A to H and K of this part of ISO 10414 are for information only. Annexes I and J are normative. In this part of ISO 10414, where practical, U.S. Customa
33、ry (USC) units are included in brackets for information. API Recommended Practice 13B-1/ISO 10414-1 1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Field testing of drilling fluids Part 1: Water-based fluids DANGER As with any laboratory procedure requiring the use of potentially hazardous chemicals, the use
34、r is expected to have proper knowledge and to have received training in the use and disposal of these chemicals. The user is responsible for compliance with all applicable local, regional and national requirements for worker and local health, safety and environmental liability. 1 Scope This part of
35、ISO 10414 provides standard procedures for determining the following characteristics of water-based drilling fluids: a) drilling fluid density (mud weight); b) viscosity and gel strength; c) filtration; d) water, oil and solids contents; e) sand content; f) methylene blue capacity; g) pH; h) alkalin
36、ity and lime content; i) chloride content; j) total hardness as calcium. Annexes A through K provide additional test methods which may be used for chemical analysis for calcium, magnesium, calcium sulfate, sulfide, carbonate and potassium; determination of shear strength; determination of resistivit
37、y; removal of air; drill-pipe corrosion monitoring; sampling, inspection and rejection; 2 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR FIELD TESTING WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUIDS rig-site sampling; calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers, retort-kit cup and drilling-fluid balances; permeabili
38、ty-plugging testing at high temperature and high pressure for two types of equipment; example of a report form for water-based drilling fluid. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 ACS reagent grade chemical meeting the purity stand
39、ards specified by the American Chemical Society (ACS) 2.2 darcy permeability of a porous medium, where one darcy is the flow of a single-phase fluid of 1 cP viscosity that completely fills the voids of the porous medium, flowing through the medium under conditions of viscous flow at a rate of 1 ml s
40、 1 cm 2 cross-sectional area and under a pressure or equivalent hydraulic gradient of 1 atm cm 1 NOTE 1 cP 1 mPa s. 2.3 quarter verb mix and divide into four specimens to ensure homogeneity of specimens 2.4 spurt loss volume of fluid that passes through the filtration medium before a filter cake is
41、formed 2.5 tube sampling sampling method consisting of the withdrawal of powdered sample from bag or bulk via a cylindrical device pushed into the sample, locked shut and withdrawn 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms 3.1 Symbols NOTE Subscript “A” to symbol denotes metric units. Subscript “B” to symbol
42、denotes U.S. customary units. AA area, in square centimetres AB area, in square inches cb,A concentration of weighting material, in kilograms per cubic metre cb,B concentration of weighting material, in pounds per barrel cCa concentration of calcium ion, in milligrams per litre cCa+Mg concentration
43、of calcium and magnesium ion (total hardness), in milligrams per litre API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13B-1/ISO 10414-1 3 cCaSO4,A concentration of calcium sulfate, in kilograms per cubic metre cCaSO4,B concentration of calcium sulfate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cCO2+CO3+HCO3 concentration of total solub
44、le carbonates, in milligrams per litre cCl concentration of chloride ion, in milligrams per litre cex-CaSO4,A concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in kilograms per cubic metre cex-CaSO4,B concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cf,KCl,A conce
45、ntration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in kilograms per cubic metre cf,KCl,B concentration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cK concentration of potassium ion, in milligrams per litre cKCl,A concentration of potassium chloride, in kilograms per cubic metre cKCl,B con
46、centration of potassium chloride, in pounds per barrel (USC) clg,A concentration of low-gravity solids, in kilograms per cubic metre clg,B concentration of low-gravity solids, in pounds per barrel clime,A lime content of the drilling fluid, in kilograms per cubic metre clime,B lime content of the dr
47、illing fluid, in pounds per barrel cMg concentration of magnesium ion, in milligrams per litre cNaCl,A concentration of sodium chloride, in milligrams per litre cNaCl,B concentration of sodium chloride, in parts per million by mass (USC) cS concentration of sulphide ion, in milligrams per litre cSS,
48、A suspended solids concentration, in kilograms per cubic metre cSS,B suspended solids concentration in pounds per barrel cMBT methylene blue capacity cth thermometer correction to be added to the working thermometer reading EBE,A bentonite equivalent, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre 4 RECOMME
49、NDED PRACTICE FOR FIELD TESTING WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUIDS EBE,B bentonite equivalent, expressed in pounds per barrel f tube factor from either Table A.1 or Table A.2, for sulfide or carbonate FW fraction (volume fraction) of water kcor correction factor K cell constant, in metres squared per metre lA submerged length of shear tube, in centimetres lB submerged length of shear tube, in inches lst Drger tube stain length mds mass of the dried sample, in grams ms mass of methylene blue, in grams mst mass of shear tube, in grams mtot total shear mass, in grams (sum of platfo
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