1、API Standard ParagraphsRotordynamic Tutorial: LateralCritical Speeds, UnbalanceResponse, Stability, TrainTorsionals, and Rotor BalancingAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 684SECOND EDITION, AUGUST 2005REAFFIRMED, NOVEMBER 2010API Standard ParagraphsRotordynamic Tutorial: LateralCritical Speeds, UnbalanceRespo
2、nse, Stability, TrainTorsionals, and Rotor BalancingDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 684SECOND EDITION, AUGUST 2005REAFFIRMED, NOVEMBER 2010SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal l
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9、nterpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the Director of the Standards Department, American Petro-leum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests fo
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14、merican Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this
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16、n manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, stan-dardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11.1 Introduction . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11.2 Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11.3 Standard Paragraphs . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11.4 Definitions and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11.5 Fundamental Concepts Of Rotating Equipment Vibrat
19、ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-12 LATERAL ROTORDYNAMICS 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12.2 Rotor Bearing System Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12.3 Rotor Modeling Methods and Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12.4 Support Stiffness Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-132.5 Journal Bearing Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-222.6 Seal Types and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . .2-432.7 Elements of a Standard Rotordynamics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-582.8 Machinery Specific Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-712.9 API Testing and Results. . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-972.10 Standard Paragraph Sections for Lateral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1053 STABILITY ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13.2 Rotor Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43.3 Journal Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-53.4 Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-253.5 Excitation Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-363.6 Support Stiffness Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-433.7 Experience Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-483.8 Machinery Specific Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . .3-513.9 Solving Stability Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-673.10 Indentifying Fluid Induced Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-723.11 St
29、ability of Testing Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-733.12 Standard Paragraph Sections for Stability Analysis SP6.8.5 SP6.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-784 TORSIONAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14.0 Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-14.1 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-24.2 Machinery Specific Modeling Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-154.3 Reciprocating Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-204.4 Torsional Analysis Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-274.5 Torsional Excitation Sources from Rotating Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-424.6 Fatigue Anal
33、ysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-494.7 Contents of a Torsional Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-524.8 Field Testing to Determine Tors
34、ional Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-544.9 TorsionalLateral Vibration Coupling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-574.10 API Document Paragraphs on Torsional Vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-575 BALANCING OF MACHINERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . .5-15.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15.3 Balancing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . .5-75.4 Balancing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-11vPageFigures1-1 Simple Mass-spring-damper System . 1-21-2 Amplitude Ratio Versus Excitation Frequency (Rotation Speed). 1-31-3 Phase Angle Versus E
38、xcitation Frequency. 1-31-4 Response of a Spring-mass System to Transient (Stable). 1-41-5 Response of a Spring-mass System to Transient (Unstable). 1-41-6 Jeffcott Form for Rotor Model. 1-51-7 Simplified Model of a Beam-type Rotating Machine . 1-51-8 Simplified Model of a Beam-type Rotating Machine
39、 with Damping. 1-51-9 Spring-Mass-Damper Model of Beam Type Rotating Machine . 1-61-10 Synchronous Response of Beam Type Machine for Various Shaft Stiffness Values 1-62-1 Schematic of a Lumped Parameter Rotor Model 2-32-2 3D Finite Element Model of a Complex Geometry Rotating Component . 2-52-3 Elas
40、tic Modulus vs. Temperature. 2-72-4 Rotor Model Cross-section of an Eight-Stage 12 MW (16,000 HP) Steam Turbine . 2-72-5 Turboexpander with Curvic Coupling Fits 2-82-6 Turbocompressor with Rabbet and Curvic Coupling Fits. 2-82-7 Modeling of Curvic Coupling Joints . 2-82-8 Train Lateral Model 2-102-9
41、 Train Lateral Guideline Diagram (Wjnl= Static Bearing Reaction) . 2-102-10 Train Lateral Mode Shapes 2-112-11 Equivalent Coupling Model . 2-122-12 Steam Turbine Support Schematic. 2-142-13 Journal Bearing Fluid Film and Flexible Support Model . 2-152-14 Single Degree of Freedom Flexible Support Mod
42、el 2-152-15 Dynamic Stiffness Analysis Diagram 2-162-16 Exhaust End Dynamic Compliance Plots 2-172-17 Steam End Test Stand Response . 2-182-18 Exhaust End Test Stand Response 2-182-19 Exhaust End Constant Stiffness Support Model 2-192-20 Steam End Dynamic Compliance Support Model . 2-202-21 Steam En
43、d Analytical Results, Dynamic Compliance Model 2-212-22 Journal Bearing Hydrodynamic Film . 2-232-23 Two Axial Groove Bearing . 2-232-24 Spring Stiffness . 2-242-25 Journal Bearing Stiffness and Damping . 2-242-26 Pressure Dam Bearing . 2-252-27 Pressure Dam BearingTop and Bottom Pads 2-262-28 Ellip
44、tical Bearing . 2-272-29 Offset Half Bearing . 2-272-30 Taper Land Bearing with Three Tapered Pockets . 2-282-31 Multi-Lobe Bearing with Three Preloaded, Offset Lobes 2-282-32 5-Pad Tilting Pad Bearing Schematic . 2-302-33 Zero Preloaded Pad . 2-312-34 Preloaded Pad 2-312-35 Negative Preloaded Pad .
45、 2-322-36 Stiffness and Damping vs. Preload and Bearing Clearance, 4-pad Bearing 2-332-37 Stiffness and Damping vs. Preload and L/D Ratio, 4-pad Bearing 2-342-38 Lunds Data vs. Experimental . 2-352-39 Jones and Martin Data vs. Experimental 2-352-40 Actual Test Stand Response, 3-axial Groove Bearings
46、 2-362-41 Analytically Predicted Response 2-372-42 Actual Test Stand Response, 4-pad Tilting Pad Bearings 2-382-43 Analytically Predicted Response, Various Bearing Designs 2-392-44 Induction Motor Test Stand Response, Tilting Pad Bearings . 2-39viPage2-45 Induction Motor Analytical Response, Tilting
47、 Pad Bearings . 2-402-46 Induction Motor Analytical Response, Elliptical Bearings 2-402-47 Induction Motor Test Stand Response, Elliptical Bearings 2-412-48 Oil Bushing Breakdown Seal 2-452-49 Pressures Experienced by the Outer Floating Ring Seal 2-452-50 Mid-span Rotor Unbalance Response of a High
48、Pressure Centrifugal Compressor for Different Suction Pressures at Start-Up. 2-462-51 Mechanical (Contact) Shaft Seal 2-472-52 Liquid-film Shaft Seal with Cylindrical Bushing . 2-472-53 Liquid-film Shaft Seal with Pumping Bushing 2-482-54 Compressor Labyrinth Seals . 2-492-55 Typical Turbine Shaft S
49、eal ArrangementHP End . 2-492-56 Honeycomb Seal . 2-502-57 Pocket Damper Seal 2-502-58 Segmented-ring Shaft Seal 2-512-59 Self-acting Gas Seal 2-522-60 Swirl and Thrust Brakes Used in High-Pressure Compressors 27 2-522-61 Measured Natural Frequency and Damping Showing a Drop of the First Bending Mode of the Shaft 27. 2-542-62 Change in First Critical Speed Frequency Due to Influential Gas Seals . 2-552-63 Change in Separation Margin From Unbalance Response Calculation . 2-552-64 Labyrinth Seal Bulk Flow Control Volume Approaches 2-562-65 Undamped Critical Speed Map . 2-602-66 Mode
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