API RP 2016-2001 Guidelines and Procedures for Entering and Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks (First Edition)《进入和清理储油罐指南和程序.第1版》.pdf

1、Guidelines and Procedures forEntering and Cleaning PetroleumStorage TanksANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2016FIRST EDITION, AUGUST 2001REAFFIRMED, MAY 1, 2006Guidelines and Procedures forEntering and Cleaning PetroleumStorage TanksDownstream SegmentANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2016FIRST EDITION, AUGU

2、ST 2001REAFFIRMED, MAY 1, 2006SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or supplie

3、rs towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular mate

4、rials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, a

5、pparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes

6、a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the

7、API Standards Department telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and parti

8、cipation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the standardization manager,

9、 American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, so

10、und engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using

11、any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact co

12、nform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API

13、Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2001 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis recommended practice was prepared under the auspices of the API Safety and FireProtection Subcommittee. It is provided for the use of API member companies and others inthe develop

14、ment and implementation of company and facility specific safe practices forplanning, managing, and conducting tank cleaning operations in petroleum storage tanks.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliabilit

15、y of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal r

16、egulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . 11.3 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Administrative Controls and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 Codes, Standards, and Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 United States Government Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Other Publications and References . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 PETROLEUM STORAGE TANK HAZARDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.1 Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 Oxygen Deficiency and Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.3 Fires and Explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.4 Toxi

23、c Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.5 Stress Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.6 Physical and Other Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 VAPOR AND GAS FREEING, DEGASSING, AND VENTILATING TANKS. . . . 185.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Vapor and Gas Freeing (and Degassing) Hazards. . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.3 Mechanical Vapor and Gas Freeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.4 Steam Vapor Freeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.5 Natural Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.6 Inert Gas Purging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.7 Displacement of Vapors Using Water (Fuel Oil). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.8 Deg

27、assing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 REMOVING SLUDGE AND RESIDUE FROM TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.2 Pumping and Vacuum Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.3 Safe Removal Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.4 Noninvasive Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.5 Removal from Outside the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.6 Removal from Inside the Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.7 Sludge Disposal . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 UNIQUE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.2 Very Large Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.3 Floating Roof Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 Double Wall an

32、d Double Bottom Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.5 Low Pressure Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.6 Conservation Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . 49vPage8 SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.2 Tanks with Pyrophoric Iron Sulfide Deposits . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.3 Cleaning Tanks With Products That Contain Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . . . . . . 508.4 Tanks That Have Been In Leaded Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.5 Tanks Containing Hazardous Sludge and Residue . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . 539 CONTROL OF IGNITION SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.2 Internal Combustion Engines . . . . . . .

36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.3 Electrical Motors and Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.4 Artificial Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.5 Ele

37、ctrical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.6 Lightning Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.7 Pyrophoric Iron Sulfide Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.8 Hot Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.9 Smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610 TANK CLEAN

39、ING CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610.2 Preplanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610.3 Removing Recoverable Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6110.4 Tank Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6610.5 Vapor-Freeing the

41、Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6710.6 Atmospheric Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6910.7 Cleaning the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7110.8 Working Inside and Around the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7810.9 Returning the Tank to Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8010.10 Recommissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8110.11 Recommissioning Safety Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8311 OXYGEN, COMBUSTIBLE GAS, AND TOXIC SUBSTANCE INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511.2 Oxygen Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511.3 Comb

45、ustible Gas (Flammable Vapor) Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8511.4 Toxic Substance Testing Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8712 FLOATING ROOF HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TANK CLEANING. . . . . . 8812.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8812.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8812.3 Floating Roof Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8812.4 Floating Roof Legs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8912.5 Roof Failure and Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8912.6 Entry Onto or Below Floating Ro

48、ofs (and Into Pontoons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9312.7 Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9312.8 Floating Roof Temporary Support Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Figures4-1 Example o

49、f Ventilation for Welding Fumes During Hot Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155-1 Tank Ventilation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21viPage5-2 Example of Air Mover Located on Shell Manway of Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225-3 Example of Tank Mechanical Vapor-Freeing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225-4 Sample Tank Ventilation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245-5 Examples of Typical Ventilation Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26