1、Planning, Designing, and Constructing Floating Production SystemsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2FPSSECOND EDITION, OCTOBER 2011Planning, Designing, and Constructing Floating Production SystemsUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2FPSSECOND EDITION, OCTOBER 2011Special NotesAPI publications necessaril
2、y address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or
3、implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,
4、consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, th
5、e Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.A
6、PI publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and p
7、ublication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that st
8、andard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Users of this Recommended Practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document.Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should b
9、e used in employing the information containedherein. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
10、 Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2011 American Petroleum InstituteForewordAPI 2FPS is one of a series of API and other standards for offshore structures in the Gulf of Mexico. This suite ofstandards, hereby referenced as the API Float
11、ing Structures Standards (AFSS), are a suite of applicable “WorkingStress Design“ standards for structures to be deployed in U.S. waters. The suite consists of the following standards. API 2A-WSD, Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design API Spec 2C, Specif
12、ication for Offshore Cranes API RP 2D, Recommended Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Cranes API Bull 2INT-MET, Interim Guidance on Hurricane Conditions in the Gulf of Mexico API RP 2MOP, Marine Operations API RP 2RD, Recommended Practice for Design of Risers for Floating Production
13、Systems (FPSs) and Tension-Leg Platforms (TLPs) API 2SIM, Structural Integrity Management of Fixed Offshore Structures API RP 2SK, Design and Analysis of Stationkeeping Systems for Floating Structures API RP 2T, Recommended Practice for Planning, Design and Constructing Tension Leg Platforms API Bul
14、l 2U, Stability Design of Cylindrical Shells API Bull 2V, Design of Flat Plate Structures API RP 14J, Recommended Practice for Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Production Facilities API RP 75L, Guidance Document for the Development of a Safety and Environmental Management System forOnshore O
15、il and Natural Gas Production Operation and Associated Activities AISC 360-05, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code - SteelThe AFSS is deemed acceptable in regions that experience tropical cyclonic activity. Utilization of the AFSS in otherregions can be acc
16、eptable if agreed by the owner and by the regulator, where one exists. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anyth
17、ingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that w
18、hich is advised but not required in orderto conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of
19、the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under whichthis publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or tran
20、slate all or any partof the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication ca
21、n be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Wa
22、shington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiv Contents Page Special Notes ii Foreword . iii Introduction ix 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 2 3 Terms and definitions 3 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 8 4.1 Symbols 8 4.2 Abbreviated terms . 10 5 Overall considerations 12 5.1 Functional requirements . 12
23、 5.2 Safety requirements 12 5.3 Planning requirements 13 5.4 Rules and regulations . 14 5.5 General requirements 14 5.6 Independent verification . 18 5.7 Analytical tools 18 5.8 In-service inspection and maintenance . 19 5.9 Assessment of existing floating structures 19 5.10 Reuse of existing floati
24、ng structures 24 6 Basic design requirements . 24 6.1 General 24 6.2 Exposure levels 24 6.3 Limit states . 27 6.4 Design situations . 28 7 Actions and action effects 30 7.1 General 30 7.2 Permanent actions (G) . 30 7.3 Variable actions (Q) . 31 7.4 Accidental actions (A) . 31 7.5 Environmental actio
25、ns (E). 32 7.6 Other actions 40 7.7 Repetitive actions 40 7.8 Action combinations . 41 8 Global analysis . 41 8.1 General 41 8.2 Static and mean response analyses 41 8.3 Global dynamic behaviour 42 8.4 Frequency domain analysis 43 8.5 Time domain analysis 44 8.6 Uncoupled analysis . 44 8.7 Coupled a
26、nalysis . 44 8.8 Resonant excitation and response 44 8.9 Platform offset 44 8.10 Air gap and wave assessment 45 8.11 Platform motions and accelerations 45 8.12 Model tests . 46 8.13 Design situations for structural analysis 46 9 Structural considerations . 47 9.1 General 47 vi 9.2 Representative val
27、ues of actions 47 9.3 Design scantlings . 49 9.4 Modelling 49 9.5 Structural analysis 52 9.6 Structural strength 53 9.7 Design checks . 54 9.8 Special design issues . 58 9.9 Material . 59 9.10 Corrosion protection of steel . 61 9.11 Fabrication and construction 62 9.12 Marine operations . 63 9.13 To
28、psides/hull interface . 63 10 Fatigue analysis and design 64 10.1 General . 64 10.2 Fatigue damage design safety factors 65 10.3 Outline of approach 66 10.4 Environmental data . 67 10.5 Structural modelling . 67 10.6 Hydrostatic analyses 67 10.7 Response amplitude operators and combinations of actio
29、ns . 67 10.8 Stresses and SCFs 68 10.9 Stress range counting and distribution 68 10.10 Fatigue resistance . 68 10.11 Damage accumulation 68 10.12 Fracture mechanics methods 69 10.13 Fatigue-sensitive components and connections 69 11 Monohulls 70 11.1 General . 70 11.2 General design criteria . 71 11
30、.3 Structural strength 72 12 Semi-submersibles . 76 12.1 General . 76 12.2 General design criteria . 77 12.3 Structural strength 77 13 Spars 78 13.1 General . 78 13.2 General design requirements 78 13.3 Structural strength 79 14 Conversion and reuse 80 14.1 General . 80 14.2 Minimum design, construc
31、tion and maintenance standards . 80 14.3 Pre-conversion structural survey 81 14.4 Effects of prior service . 81 14.5 Corrosion protection and material suitability 82 14.6 Inspection and maintenance 82 15 Hydrostatic stability and compartmentation 82 15.1 General . 82 15.2 Inclining test 83 15.3 Comp
32、artmentation 83 15.4 Watertight and weathertight appliances . 83 15.5 Special requirements for monohulls . 84 16 Mechanical systems . 84 16.1 General . 84 16.2 Hull systems 85 16.3 Import and export systems 93 16.4 Fire protection systems 96 17 Stationkeeping systems . 97 17.1 General . 97 vii 17.2
33、Mooring equipment 97 17.3 Turret . 101 18 In-service inspection, monitoring and maintenance 102 18.1 General 102 18.2 Structural integrity management system philosophies . 103 18.3 Planning considerations . 106 18.4 Implementation issues 107 18.5 Minimum requirements . 110 19 Floating structure desi
34、gn and analysisOther hulls 114 19.1 General 114 19.2 Structural steel design 114 19.3 Stability and watertight integrity 114 Annex A (informative) Additional information and guidance . 115 Annex B (normative) API Floating Structures Design Standards 182 Bibliography 183 ix Introduction The series of
35、 Standards applicable to types of offshore structure, constitutes a common basis covering those aspects that address design requirements and assessments of all offshore structures used by the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries worldwide. Through their application the intention is to
36、 achieve reliability levels appropriate for manned and unmanned offshore structures, whatever the type of structure and the nature or combination of materials used. It is important to recognize that structural integrity is an overall concept comprising models for describing actions, structural analy
37、ses, design rules, safety elements, workmanship, quality control procedures and national requirements, all of which are mutually dependent. The modification of one aspect of design in isolation can disturb the balance of reliability inherent in the overall concept or structural system. The implicati
38、ons involved in modifications, therefore, need to be considered in relation to the overall reliability of all offshore structural systems. The series of Standards applicable to types of offshore structure is intended to provide wide latitude in the choice of structural configurations, materials and
39、techniques without hindering innovation. Sound engineering judgment is therefore necessary in the use of these International Standards. API 2FPS was developed in response to the offshore industrys demand for a coherent and consistent definition of methodologies to design, analyse and assess floating
40、 offshore structures of the class described in Clause 1. In particular, this standard addresses monohulls, semi-submersibles and spars. Some background to, and guidance on, the use of this standard is provided in informative Annex A. The clause numbering in Annex A is the same as in the normative te
41、xt to facilitate cross-referencing. x 1 Planning, Designing, and Constructing Floating Production Systems 1 Scope This document provides requirements and guidance for the structural design and/or assessment of floating offshore platforms used by the petroleum and natural gas industries to support th
42、e following functions: production; storage and/or offloading; drilling and production; production, storage and offloading; drilling, production, storage and offloading. NOTE 1 Floating offshore platforms are often referred to using a variety of abbreviations, e.g. FPS, FSU, FPSO, etc. (see Clauses 3
43、 and 4), in accordance with their intended mission. NOTE 2 In this standard, the term “floating structure”, sometimes shortened to “structure”, is used as a generic term to indicate the structural systems of any member of the classes of platforms defined above. NOTE 3 In some cases, floating platfor
44、ms are designated as “early production platforms”. This term relates merely to an asset development strategy. For the purposes of this International Standard, the term “production” includes “early production”. Its requirements do not apply to the structural systems of mobile offshore units (MOUs). T
45、hese include, among others: floating structures intended primarily to perform drilling and/or well intervention operations (often referred to as MODUs), even when used for extended well test operations; floating structures used for offshore construction operations (e.g. crane barges or pipelay barge
46、s), for temporary or permanent offshore living quarters (floatels), or for transport of equipment or products (e.g. transportation barges, cargo barges), for which structures reference is made to relevant recognized classification society (RCS) rules. Its requirements are applicable to all possible
47、life-cycle stages of the structures defined above, such as design, construction and installation of new structures, including requirements for inspection, integrity management and future removal, structural integrity management covering inspection and assessment of structures in-service, and convers
48、ion of structures for different use (e.g. a tanker converted to a production platform) or reuse at different locations. The following types of floating structure are explicitly considered within the context of this standard: a) monohulls (ship-shaped structures and barges); b) semi-submersibles; c)
49、spars. 2 PLANNING, DESIGNING, AND CONSTRUCTING FLOATING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS In addition to the structural types listed above, this standard covers other floating platforms intended to perform the above functions, consisting of partially submerged buoyant hulls made up of any combination of plated and space frame components and used in conjunction with the stationkeeping systems covered in API 2SK. These other structures can have a great range of variability in geometry and structural forms and, therefore, can be only partly covered by the requirements o
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