1、Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52SECOND EDITION, JULY 1, 1995REAFFIRMED, SEPTEMBER 2010Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentExploration and Production DepartmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52SECOND EDITION, JULY 1, 1995REAFFIRMED, S
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14、rican Petroleum Institute API RP+52 95 0732290 0558902 3T3 CONTENTS Page O INTRODUCTION 1 1 SCOPE . 1 2 REFERENCES . 1 2.1 Standards . 1 2.2 Other References . 1 2.3 U.S. Environmental Laws 1 2.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) . 1 2.3.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) . 2 2.3.3 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) . 2 2.3.4
15、 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 3 Liability Act (CERCLA) . 3 2.3.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and 2.3.6 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) . 3 2.3.8 Endangered Species Act . 4 2.3.9 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) . 4 2.3.
16、11 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) . 4 2.3.1 2 Other Laws and Regulations . 4 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 4 4 PLANNING . 5 2.3.7 National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 4 2.3.10 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 4 4.1 Interactive Communications and Planning . 5 4 . 1 . 1 Communication
17、s Between Operator and Surface Owner or Tenant . 5 4.1.3 Internal Communications 6 4.2.1 Public Safety 6 4.2.2 Size . 6 4.2.3 Topography . 6 4.2.4 Soil . 6 4.2.5 Surface Water . 6 4.2.6 Groundwater 6 4.2.7 Wildlife 6 4.2.8 Livestock . 6 4.2.9 Vegetation 6 4.2.10 Cultural and Historical Resources 6 4
18、2.11 Weather . 7 4.2.12 Operational Plans . 7 4.2.13 Potential Hazards . 7 4.2.14 Restoration 7 4.2.15 Dust Suppression . 7 4.2.16 Noise Suppression . 7 4.2.17 Storage Areas 7 4.2.18 Sanitation Systems 7 4.3.1 Reserve Pit Design . 7 4.3.2 Solids Removal Equipment . 7 4.1.2 Operator, Contractor, and
19、 Service Company Communications . 5 4.2 Site Assessment and Construction Planning 6 4.3 Drilling Fluids and Solids Control Planning 7 4.3.3 Drilling Fluid Additives . 7 4.4 Water Management Planning . 7 4.4.1 Rig Wash Water 8 4.4.2 Storm Water 8 4.5 Waste Management Planning . 8 5 DRILLING SITE AND
20、RIGHT-OF-WAY PREPARATION 8 5.1 Introduction . 8 5.2 Site Construction . 8 5.3 Move In and Rig Up 9 5.3.1 Equipment Preparation Prior to Moving . 9 5.3.2 Site Inspection . 9 5.3.3 Special Considerations-Air Drilling Operations . 9 5.3.4 Pressure Control Equipment 9 5.3.5 Sanitation Equipment . 9 5.3.
21、6 Location Housekeeping . 9 6 DRILLINGOPERATIONS . 10 6.1 Pollution Prevention Hierarchy 10 6.1.1 Source Reduction 10 6.1.2 Recycling 10 6.1.3 Treatment 10 6.1.4 Disposal 10 6.2 Review of Drilling Plan Prior to Spud 10 6.3 Drilling Fluid System . 10 6.4 Formation Pressure Control 11 6.5 Hazardous Wa
22、stes 11 6.6 Location and Right-of-way Maintenance 11 6.7 Drillstring . 11 7 COMPLETION, TESTING, AND PLUGGING AND ABANDONMENT OPERATIONS . 11 7.1 General 11 7.2 Completion Operations 11 7.2.1 Logging 11 7.2.2 Completion Fluids and Chemicals . 12 7.2.3 Production Casing and Tubing 12 7.2.4 Cementing
23、12 7.2.5 Perforating 12 7.2.6 Acidizing . 12 7.2.7 Fracturing Stimulation 12 7.2.8 Completion Fluid Filtration 12 7.3 Testing . 12 7.4 Plugging and Abandonment 13 8 DECOMMISSIONING 13 8.1 Chemical and Waste Disposal . 13 8.2 Contaminated Soil 13 8.3 Location Restoration 13 iV API RP*52 95 0732290 05
24、58904 L7b FOREWORD API Recommended Practice 52, First Edition, was issued in February 1976. This recommended practice was prepared by the Subcommittee on Land Drilling hac- tices for Protection of the Environment and is under administration of the American Petroleum Institute Exploration and Product
25、ion Departments Executive Committee on Drilling and Production Practices. It is intended that this voluntary recommended practice serves as a guide to promote pro- tection of the environment in land drilling operations. Users of this publication are reminded that constantly developing technology, sp
26、ecific company requirements and policy, and spe- cialized or limited operations do not permit coverage of all possible operations, practices, or alternatives. This recommended practice does not present all possible practices for pro- tecting the environment in land drilling operations. Alternative o
27、perating procedures and/or equipment are available and routinely used to meet or exceed recommended practices or performance levels set forth herein. Recommendations presented in this publication are not intended to inhibit developing technology and improved equipment or operating procedures. This p
28、ublication, or portions thereof, cannot be substituted for qualified technical/opera- tional analysis and judgement to fit a specific situation. There may be federal, state, or local statutes, rules, or regulations requiring land drilling operations to be conducted in a certain manner. Organizations
29、 or individuals using this rec- ommended practice are cautioned that requirements of federal, state, or local environmen- tal laws and regulations are constantly evolving and should be reviewed to determine whether or not the practices recommended herein are consistent with current laws and reg- ula
30、tions. Land drilling operations must comply with the applicable requirements of federal, state, or local regulations. Suggested revisions to this recommended practice are invited and should be submitted in writing to the director of the Exploration and Production Department, American Petroleum Insti
31、tute, 700 North Pearl Street, Suite 1840, Dallas, Texas 75201-2845. V API RP*52 95 m 0732290 0558905 002 m Land Drilling Practices for Protection of the Environment O Introduction Land drilling operations are being conducted with full re- gard for preservation of the environment in such diverse con-
32、 ditions as metropolitan sites, wilderness areas, barren deserts, wildlife refuges, and arctic locations. Recommendations pre- sented in this publication are based on such wide ranging and extensive industry experience. The importance of planning prior to construction and ini- tiation of land drilli
33、ng operations cannot be overemphasized. Section 4 of this standard is devoted solely to planning and Sections 5 through 8 discuss implementation of the plan and ensuing operations. Although the discussion of several subjects in Section 4, “Planning,” and later discussion in the implementation por- t
34、ion appears to be somewhat redundant, this redundancy is necessary to provide adequate coverage of the subject matter. 1 Scope This standard provides information on environmentally sound practices for land drilling operations. Operational coverage begins with the initial planning of the drilling pro
35、 ject and ends with decommissioning of the drill site. Facili- ties within the scope of this standard include the drill site and roads required to be built and used for access to the drill site. This document is intended to address environmental con- siderations and not safety or operational issues
36、 However, there are items discussed, Le., formation pressure control, for which there are mutual environmental, safety, and opera- tional considerations. Similarly, this standard does not ad- dress obligations that may be required by the landowner and lease agreement. 2 References 2.1 STANDARDS The
37、 following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. All standards are subject to revision, and users are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. API Environment
38、al Guidance Document: Onshore Solid Waste Management in Exploration and Produc- tion Operations Bu1 EI Bu1 E3 Bu1 E4 RP 49 RP 53 RP 59 Bulletin on the Generic Hazardous Chem- ical Category List and Inventory for the Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Industry (Superfund Amendments and Reauthoriz
39、ation Act of 1986, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act) Well Abandonment and Inactive Well Prac- tices for U.S. Exploration and Production Operations, Environmental Guidance Document Environmental Guidance Document: Re- lease Reporting for the Oil and Gas Ex- ploration and Production
40、Industry as Required by the CWA, CERCLA and SARA Title III Recommended Practices for Drilling and Drill Stem Testing of Wells Containing Hy- drogen Sulfide Recommended Practices for Blowout Pre- vention Equipment Systems for Drilling Wells Recommended Practices for Well Control Operations 2.2 OTHER
41、REFERENCES National Register of Historic Places 2.3 U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS There are numerous federal environmental laws that may be applicable to land drilling operations. These laws should be carefully studied to determine their impact and applica- bility to specific operations. The following ar
42、e some of the major laws that apply. 2.3.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) The CAA, first enacted in 1970 and amended several times since then, has several features that can lead to signif- icant regulation. Under the CAA, EPA has established national ambient air quality standards for several air pollutants: su
43、lfur oxides, ni- trogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and lead. On an ambient standard-by-standard basis, every area of the United States is classified as attainment or nonat- tainment. This classification determines, in part, what IAvailable from Preservation Press, 1785 Massa
44、chusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 1 API RP*52 95 m 0732290 055890b T49 m 2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 52 additional controls on emission sources are required and the timetable for implementation. EPA is also authorized, under the CAA, to set new source performance standards (NSPS) for certain ca
45、tegories of sta- tionary sources and separate standards for listed hazardous air pollutants (HAPS). These requirements often take the form of technology standards but may take the form of per- formance standards or work practice standards. Overall, EPA assumes the authority for regulating new source
46、s, whereas states assume the authority for regulating existing sources. In addition, state standards are often appli- cable only to nonattainment areas, whereas federal standards are generally applicable in both attainment and nonattain- ment areas. Standards aside, the CAA also imposes permitting r
47、e- quirements. Depending on an emission sources nature, emis- sion profile, size, and geographic location, a new source (or major modification) may require a preconstruction review permit. Irrespective of preconstruction review permits, exist- ing sources also generally require operating permits, wh
48、ich are intended to be the vehicle for all applicable source re- quirements. The temporary addition on the well site of mobile emis- sion sources, such as drilling rigs or well servicing equip- ment, should be considered in accordance with relevant permitting requirements, as these activities may tr
49、igger state or federal permit requirements. 2.3.2 Clean Water Act (CWA) The CWA was enacted in 1972 with a goal to restore the surface waters for protection of fish and wildlife and for recre- ation by the elimination of pollutant discharges from point sources into “Waters of the United States”. These “Waters” are very broadly defined and include any conveyance, in- cluding dry stream channels, that lead to waterways, including the oceans. The CWA created the National Pollutant Dis- charge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program (or state equivalent) for all point source and nonpoin
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