1、Heat Recovery Steam GeneratorsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 534SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 2007REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2013Heat Recovery Steam GeneratorsDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 534SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 2007REAFFIRMED, OCTOBER 2013SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems o
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10、he Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2007 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by impli-cation or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, appa
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15、up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Sug
16、gested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . .11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.4 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 FIRETUBE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.1 General . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32.2 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.3 System Consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.4 Advantages of Firetube Over Watertube Hrsgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72.5 Disadvantages of Firetube Relative to Watertube HRSGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72.6 Mechanical Description. . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82.7 Operational Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 WATERTUBE HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.1 General . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.2 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.3 Gas Turbine Exhaust HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193.4 Fired Heater Convection Section HRSG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373.5 FCC Regenerator Flue Gas HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38APPENDIX A STEAM DRUMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43APPENDIX B HEAT FLUX AND CIRCULATION RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51APPENDIX C SOOTBLOWERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55Figures1 Horizontal Firetube with External
25、Drum HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Vertical Firetube with External Drum HRSG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Firetube Kettle Type HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Insulated M
26、etal Ferrule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Insulated Ceramic Ferrule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Conventional Strength Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Full-depth Strength Weld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Back (Shell-side) Face Weld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Channel-tubesheet-shel
28、l Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210 Dual Compartment Firetube HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311 Two Tube Pass Firetube HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 1412 Internal Bypass System with Valve and Dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413 Partially Tubed Firetube HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1614 Basic Tubular Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1915 Interlaced Tubular Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916 Natural Circulation HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017 Typical Natural Circulation Gas Turb
31、ine Exhaust HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 Typical Fire Heater Convection Section HRSG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38A-1 Typical Steam Drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43B-1 Typical Watertub
32、e HRSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53B-2 Typical Circulation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53B-3 Typical Forced Circulation System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54vPageviC-1 Sootblower Cleaning Lanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55C-2 Typical Fixed Position Rotary Mounting Arrangement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56C-3 Typical Steam Flow Rate for Fixed Rotary Soo
34、t Blowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57C-4 Typical Air Flow Rate for Fixed Rotary Soot Blowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57C-5 Typical Retractable Mounting Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58C-6 Typical Steam Flow Rate for Retractable S
35、oot Blowers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Tables1 Typical Pinch and Approach Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24A-1 Watertube Boilers Recommended Boiler Water Limits and Associated Steam Purity at Steady State Full Load Operation . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44A-2 Suggested Water Quality Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45B-1 HRSG Firetube and Watertube Local Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Heat Recovery Steam Generators1 Genera
37、l1.1 SCOPEThis publication provides guidelines for the selection or evaluation of heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) systems. Details of related equipment designs are considered only where they interact with the HRSG system design. This publication does not pro-vide rules for design, but indicates
38、 areas that need attention and offers information and description of HRSG types available to the designer or user to aid in the selection of the appropriate HRSG system.The HRSG systems discussed are those currently in industry use. A general description of each HRSG system begins Sections 2 and 3.
39、Selection of an HRSG system for description does not imply other systems are not available nor recommended. Many indi-vidual features described in these guidelines will be applicable to any type of HRSG system.Appendices A, B, and C refer to Sections 1 through 3.1.2 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS1.2.1 The
40、editions of the following standards, codes and specifications that are in effect at the time of publication of this publi-cation shall, to the extent specified herein, form a part of this publication.API/ISO1Std 530/ISO 13704 Petroleum and natural gas industriesCalculation of heater-tube thickness i
41、n petroleum refineriesRP 536 Post Combustion NOxControl for Fired Equipment in General Refinery ServicesStd 560/ISO 13705 Petroleum and natural gas industriesFired heaters for general refinery serviceStd 660/ISO 16812 Petroleum and natural gas industriesShell-and-tube heat exchangers for general ref
42、inery serviceABMA2Boiler 402 Boiler Water Quality Requirements and Associated Steam Quality for Industrial/Commercial and Institu-tional BoilersANSI3/ASME4ANSI 14.3 Fixed LaddersSafety RequirementsPTC 4.4 Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generators Performance Test CodeASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel
43、Code, Section I: “Power Boilers” and Section VIII, Division 1, “Pressure Vessels.”Consensus Operating Practices for Control of Feedwater/Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers CRTDVol. 34SA-106 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature ServiceSA-178/SA-1
44、78M Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater TubesSA-214/SA-214M Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser TubesSTS-1 Steel StacksASTM5D 1066-97(2001) Standard Practice for Sampli
45、ng Steam NFPA68502 Standard for the Prevention of Furnace Explosions/Implosions in Multiple Burner Boilers 1International Organization for Standards, 25 West 43rdStreet, 4 Floor, New York, New York, 10036, www.iso.org.2American Boiler Manufacturers Association, 8221 Old Courthouse Road, Suite 207, V
46、ienna, Virginia 22182, .3American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rdStreet, 4thfloor, New York, New York, 10036, www.ansi.org.4ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, www.asme.org.5ASTM International, 100 Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428, www.astm
47、.org.6National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, PO Box 9101, Quincy, Massachusetts 02269-9101, www.nfpa.org.2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 534OSHA7Applicable standards of the Federal Registers Rules and RegulationsTEMA8Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association1.2.2 In
48、 addition, this publication draws upon the work presented in the following publications:1. Steam/Its Generation and Use, The Babcock in general, flux limits are lower for increasing tube quantity or decreasing pitch to diameter ratio.b. Quantity, size, and location of risers and downcomers.c. Cleara
49、nce between bundle and shell.Actual flux rates for comparison with design limits are based on clean tube surface at the tube inlet where the process fluid is the hot-test. Firetube HRSG design should account for increased hot process fluid heat transfer coefficients due to tube entrance effects.2.3.2.2 Boiler Water CirculationCritical service, high-temperature firetube HRSGs are furnished with elevated steam drums, from which boiler water is supplied with high circulation rates. Systems may be either natural or forced circulation, with the former being most common.Low-fl
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