1、Valve Selection GuideAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 615 FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2010Valve Selection GuideDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 615 FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2010Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state
2、, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contai
3、ned herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe
4、 upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publ
5、ication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound e
6、ngineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from us
7、ing any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fa
8、ct conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact th
9、e Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2010 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus,
10、 or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a recommended practice, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the RP.Should: As us
11、ed in a recommended practice, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the RP. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designat
12、ed as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW
13、, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two
14、 years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and sh
15、ould be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16、Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . 24 Considerations for Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 Valve Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Valve Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Primary Valve Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 Valves to Stop Flow or to Provide for Equipment Isolat
20、ion (Block Valves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Valves for Preventing Flow ReversalCheck Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 Valves for Throttling (Controlling) FlowGlobe Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Service Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.2 Chlorine Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.3 Cryogenic (Low Temperature) Service . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.4 Hydrofluoric Acid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.5 Hydrogen Service . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.6 Oxygen Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.7 Pulsa
25、ting or Unstable Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.8 Sour Service (Wet H2S Service). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . 126.9 Viscous or Solidifying Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Valve Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . 137.1 Body Material Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.2 Valve Trim Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.3 Seating SurfacesSoft Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.4 Stem SealingFugitive Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.5 Valve Bonnet Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Valve Specific Features and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.1 Valve Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.2 Position Indication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.3 Hot Tap Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.4 Double Block Valves f
32、or Positive Isolation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.5 Double Block and Bleed (DB the final responsibility is that of the user of this document.vii1Valve Selection Guide1 ScopeThis recommended practice (RP) provides guidance o
33、n the selection of common types of valves used by the petroleum refining, chemical, petrochemical and associated industries. These include gate, ball, plug, butterfly, check, and globe valves covered by API and ASME Standards. Modulating control valves and pressure relief valves are outside the scop
34、e of this RP.Installation issues are discussed briefly for a few valve types.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refere
35、nced document (including any amendments) applies. API Standard 594, Check Valves: Flanged, Lug, Wafer, and Butt-weldingAPI Standard 598, Valve Inspection and Testing API Standard 599, Metal Plug ValvesFlanged, Threaded, and Welding EndsAPI Standard 600, Steel Gate ValvesFlanged and Butt-welding Ends
36、, Bolted BonnetsAPI Standard 602, Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves for Sizes NPS 4 and SmallerAPI Standard 603, Corrosion-resistant, Bolted Bonnet Gate ValvesFlanged and Butt-welding EndsAPI Standard 607, Fire Testing for Soft-seated Quarter-turn ValvesAPI Standard 608, Metal Ball ValvesFlanged, T
37、hreaded, and Welding EndsAPI Standard 609, Butterfly ValvesDouble Flanged, Lug- and Wafer-TypeAPI RP 622, Type Testing of Process Valve Packing for Fugitive EmissionsAPI Recommended Practice 941, Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochem
38、ical PlantsASME B16.1 1, Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsASME B16.24, Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged FittingsASME B16.34, ValvesFlanged, Threaded, and Welding EndASME B16.42, Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 3001ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, N
39、ew York, New York 10016-5990, www.asme.org.2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 615CGA G4.1 2, Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen ServiceCGA G4.4, Oxygen Pipeline SystemsChlorine Institute Pamphlet No. 6 3, Piping Systems for Dry ChlorineMSS SP-120 4, Flexible Graphite Packing Systems for Rising Stem Steel ValvesD
40、esign RequirementsMSS SP-134, Valves for Cryogenic Service Including Requirements for Body/Bonnet ExtensionsNACE MR0103 5, Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments 3 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document the following definitions ap
41、ply.3.1abrasive serviceAbrasive service is a term used to identify fluids containing abrasive particulate in piping systems including pipe rust, scale, welding slag, sand, catalyst fines, grit and hydrocarbon particles such as coke.3.2bellows stem sealA flexible metal bellows is used in addition to
42、valve stem packing to provide a positive seal against leakage past the stem packing.3.3chlorine serviceServices containing liquid or vapor chlorine in concentrations higher than 1 ppm (OSHA PEL). This does not include water services containing chlorine for pH balancing or as a biocide.3.4clean servi
43、ce Clean service is a term used to identify fluids free from solids or contaminants. Clean fluids include most light hydrocarbons, instrument air, nitrogen, water, steam, lube oil, diesel oil, methanol, etc.3.5closure memberThis refers to the component in the valve that serves to stop flow (gate, ba
44、ll, and plug, for example). Known as the obturator in some international valve standards.3.6cryogenic (low temperature) service Cryogenic service is generally defined in the process industry as services that are lower than minus 101 C (minus 150 F). These services, which are comparatively clean, inc
45、lude LNG liquefaction and gasification, NGL production, ethylene production, etc.2Compressed Gas Association, 4221 Walney Road, 5thFloor, Chantilly, Virginia 20151, .3The Chlorine InstituteHeadquarters Office 1300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA, www.chlorineinstitute.org.4Manufacturers
46、Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc., 127 Park Street, NE, Vienna, Virginia 22180-4602, www.mss-. 5NACE International (formerly the National Association of Corrosion Engineers), 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77218-8340, www.nace.org.VALVE SELECTION GUIDE 33.7dirt
47、y service Dirty service is a general term used to identify fluids with suspended solids that may seriously impair the performance of valves unless the correct valve type and trim are selected. 3.8double block and bleed (DB fluid service; materials of construction; valve trim selection; valve special
48、 features such as fire testing, cavity venting, purge connections, etc.; flow capacity and pressure loss.5 Primary Valve Types NOTE Some valve types are capable of performing multiple functions. If not used for their primary intended function, they may not perform well or may experience a premature
49、failure.5.1 Valves to Stop Flow or to Provide for Equipment Isolation (Block Valves)5.1.1 Gate Valves5.1.1.1 GeneralThe gate valve is a common type of block valve for on-off service. The gate valves closure member (gate) moves out of the flow stream perpendicular to the flow path. Typical process gate valves use a wedge type gate. Upon closing the gate to effect shutoff, the two faces of the gate engage the matching angle of the valve body seats. Turning the handwheel forces the disc firmly into the seats which, assisted by line pressure, provides
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