1、Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2002REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2002REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address pr
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8、rning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the API Standards Department, American Petroleum Insti-tute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for
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12、eproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2002 America
13、n Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis recommended practice was prepared under the direction of the API Safety and FireProtection Subcommittee. This third edition of API 2028 Flame Arresters in Piping Systemshas been extensively rewritten and updated from the previous edition. Appendices to the doc-ument
14、 are intended to provide additional supplementary information.This guide was prepared to help provide a basic understanding of ame arresters used inpiping systems. The information presented is based primarily upon experience in the petro-leum industry. It is not intended to exclude or limit the use
15、of other approaches of compara-ble merit. Because of the special nature of ame arresters, especially those used fordetonation protection, this recommended practice strongly encourages dialogue with theequipment supplier and the use of sound engineering judgement in ame arrester selectionand applicat
16、ion. iiiCONTENTSPage1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope. . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Concept of Hazard vs. Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 COMBUSTION AND F
19、LAME PROPAGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Combustion Rates and MESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . 34.3 Deagration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FLAME ARRESTER FUNCTION AND CONCE
21、RNS FOR USEIN PIPING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 Flame Arrester Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Pressure Concerns and Maintenance . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 Potential Effects of Installation Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 Flame Arresters Not Using Metal Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 Pyrophoric Iron Sulde Con
23、cerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 Unilateral and Bilateral Flame Arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 LIMITATIONS OF FLAME ARRESTERS ON TANK VENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FLAME ARRESTER TESTING AND
24、 CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 Deagration and Detonation Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3
25、Flame Retention Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 Signicance of MESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 Use of Established Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9APPENDIX B GASES OR
27、 VAPORS WITH A MAXIMUM EXPERIMENTAL SAFE GAP (MESG) 0.90 mm typical hydrocarbons and alcohols for comparison (Reported values above 0.90 are in parentheses)Gas or Vapor MESG (mm)Hydrogen 0.102HYDROCARBONSAcetylene 0.025Ethylene 0.711,3-Butadiene 0.792-Butene (isomer not stated) 0.89Ethylene 0.65Meth
28、ane (1.170)Propane (0.965)Hexane (0.965)Benzene (0.99)Cyclohexane (0.94)Isooctane (1.040)CHEMICALS PROCESSED IN SOME PETROLEUM FACILITIESHydrogen Sulde 0.89Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 0.89Carbon Monoxide 0.84Carbon Disulphide 0.20Ethyl Alcohol (1.016)Methyl Alcohol (0.915)OTHER CHEMICALSAcrolein (Acryl
29、Aldehyde) 0.72Acrylic Acid 0.86Acrylonitrile 0.87Allyl Alcohol 0.84Allyl 2,3-Epoxypropyl Ether 0.70Blue Water Gas (52% H2, 47% CO) 0.203Butanone 0.843-Buten-3-olide 0.84Butyl Acrylate 0.88Butyl 2,3- Epoxypropyl Ether 0.78Butyl Glycolate 0.881-Butyne 0.71Carbon Disulphide 0.201-Choloro-2, 3-Epoxyprop
30、ane 0.74Coal Gas (57% H2) 0.482Crotonaldehyde 0.81Dibutyl Ether 0.88Di-tert-Butyl Peroxide 0.84Dichlorodiethylsilane 0.451,2-Diethoxyethane (Diethyl Glycol) 0.81Diethyl Carbonate 0.83Diethyl Ether (Ethyl Ether) 0.86412 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 20281,2-Dimethoxyethane(Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether)0
31、.72Dimethyoxymethane (Methylal) 0.86Dimethyl Ether (Methyl Ether) 0.841,1-Dimethylhydazine 0.85p-Dioxane (Diethylene Dioxide) 0.701,2-Epoxypropene 0.702-Ethoxyethanol(Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)0.84Ethyl Acrylate 0.86Ethyl Nitrate 0.025Ethylene Oxide 0.592-Ethylhexyl Acetate 0.88Ethyl Propylacr
32、olein (isomer not stated) 0.86Formaldehyde 0.572-Furaldehyde (Furfural) 0.88Furan 0.68Furfuryl Alcohol 0.80Hydrogen Cyanide 0.802-Methoxyethanol 0.85Methyl Acetoacetate 0.85Methyl Acrylate 0.85Methylene Cyclobutane 0.764-Methylene Tetrahydropyran 0.892-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 0.782-Methylpent-2-enal 0.
33、84A-Methylstyrene 0.88Nitroethane 0.871-Nitropropane 0.84Paraformaldehyde 0.57Phenylacetylene 0.861-Propanol (Propyl Alcohol) 0.89Propionicaldehyde 0.86Propylene Oxide 0.70Prop-2-yn-1-ol 0.58Tetrauoroethylene 0.60Tetrahydrofuran 0.87Tetrahydrofurfyryl Alcohol 0.85Town Gas (57% H2, 16% CO) 0.531,3,5-
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