1、Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oilfield WatersAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 45THIRD EDITION, AUGUST 1998REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oilfield WatersExploration and Production DepartmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 45THIRD EDITION, AUGUST 1998REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012SPECI
2、AL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and eq
3、uip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obta
4、ined from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by le
5、tters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two y
6、ears will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Exploration and Production Depa
7、rtmenttelephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annu-ally and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation in the
8、developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the director of the Exploration and Producti
9、on Department,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests forpermission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein shouldalso be addressed to the director.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of prove
10、n, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from u
11、sing any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fa
12、ct conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher,
13、 API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1998 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThese recommended practices were prepared by the API Subcommittee on Analysis ofOilfield Waters. This publication is under the administration of the American PetroleumInstitute Ex
14、ploration and Production Departments Executive Committee on Drilling andProduction Operations.The first edition of RP 45, published as “Tentative” in November 1965, was developed bythe API Mid-Continent District Study Committee on Analysis of Oilfield Waters. Subse-quent to its publication, the Stud
15、y Committee status was changed to a Subcommittee of theExecutive Committee on Drilling and Production Practices and charged with the responsibil-ity of continuing work in certain areas of interest to develop additional procedures for analy-sis of oilfield water analysis. The Second Edition, publishe
16、d in 1968 and reissued July 1981,contained revisions of, and additions to, First Edition procedures as well as a new section on“Spectroscopic Methods.” With the 1968 edition, this publication was advanced from a“Tentative” to a “Standard” Recommended Practice. This Third Edition supersedes andreplac
17、es the Second Edition.Every effort has been made by API to assure the accuracy and reliability of informationcontained in this publication. However, API makes no representation, warranty, or guaranteein connection with publication of these recommended practices and hereby expressly dis-claims any li
18、ability or responsibility for loss or damage from use or applications hereunder orfor any violation of local, state, federal, or other law(s) and regulation(s) with which the con-tents may conflict; or for the infringement of any patent resulting from use of this publication.Individuals and organiza
19、tions using this publication are cautioned that requirements offederal, state, local, and other laws and regulations are dynamic and constantly evolving andshould be reviewed to determine whether the information in this publication is consistentwith requirements of current applicable laws and regula
20、tions. Users of this publication arecautioned that operations and tests must comply with requirements of federal, state, or locallaws or regulations. These requirements should be reviewed to determine whether violationsmay occur.It is intended that these recommended practices serve as a guide to pro
21、mote standards foranalysis of oilfield waters. Users of this publication are reminded that constantly-developingtechnology, equipment, specific company requirements and policy, and specialized or lim-ited operations do not permit coverage of all possible analyses, practices, or alternatives.This pub
22、lication is not so comprehensive as to present allof the practices for analysis of oil-field waters. Alternative procedures and/or equipment are available and routinely utilized tomeet or exceed practices or performance levels set forth herein. Procedures presented in thispublication are not intende
23、d to inhibit developing technology and equipment improvementsor improved operating procedures or analyses. This publication, or portion thereof, cannot besubstituted for qualified technical/operations analysis and judgement.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has b
24、een made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its
25、use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Explorationand Production Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washing-ton, D.C. 20
26、005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ACRONYMS AND REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 Environmental Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 SAMPLE COLLE
29、CTION, PRESERVATION, AND LABELING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Preliminary Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . 34.3 Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Sample and System Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 Field/Laboratory Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.6 Quality Assurance/Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.7 Laboratory Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 METHODS
32、 FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MAJOR CONSTITUENTS. . . . . . . 75.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 Analytical Method Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.3
33、 Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.2 Recommended Report Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.3 Regulatory Compliance Report Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.4 Water Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.5 API Water Analysis Laboratory Report Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.6 API Water Analysis Field Report Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.7 Quality of Wat
36、er Analysis Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 Appraisal of the Laboratory Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47APPENDIX A RESISTIVITY GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . 51APPENDIX B LIST OF ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55APPENDIX C REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Figures1 API Water Analysis Laboratory Report Form . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 API Water Analysis Field Report Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49A-1 Resistivity Graph for Salinity and Temperature of NaCl Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Tables1 Summary of Special Sampling or Handling Requirements
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Summary of Constituents and Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Volume Relationships for Alkalinity Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14v1Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oilfield Waters1 S
40、copeThis document is directed toward the determination of dis-solved and dispersed components in oilfield waters (producedwater, injected water, aqueous workover fluids, and stimula-tion fluids). Bacterial analyses, bioassay (toxicity tests formarine animals), NORM determination, and membrane filter
41、procedures are outside the scope of this document.Biological determination of the species and concentrationof bacteria are covered in NACE TM0194-94, Field Monitor-ing of Bacterial Growth in Oilfield Systems.Determinations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Mate-rials (NORM) in oilfield waters is di
42、scussed in API BulletinE2, Bulletin on Management of Naturally Occurring Radio-active Materials (NORM) in Oil and Gas Production. Membrane filter procedures are covered in NACE TM01-73, Test Methods for Determining Water Quality for Subsur-face Injection Using Membrane Filters.Analyses for residuals
43、 of proprietary organic treatmentchemicals, such as corrosion inhibitors, demulsifiers, scaleinhibitors, water clarifiers, biocides, etc. are also outside thescope of this document. However, analyses for generic com-ponents of proprietary chemicals, such as phosphate (scaleinhibitor), are included i
44、n this document.Lastly, analyses of nonhazardous oilfield waste (NOW),such as drilling fluid, soil, cores, etc. are outside the scope ofthis document. However, analyses of separated water (includ-ing filtrates) from such sources are within the scope.The analytical methods presented in this document
45、wereselected for their accuracy, reproducibility, and applicabilityto oilfield systems. For most constituents, several methods ofvarying degrees of complexity and accuracy are presented toprovide the analyst with the opportunity to choose the mostappropriate and cost effective method pertinent to hi
46、s/herneeds.While the cited methods may also be used as indicators ofthe environmental quality of oilfield waters, regulatory agen-cies prescribe their own analytical methods that must be fol-lowed. These regulatory agencies should be consulted toobtain the relevant analytical procedures for cases in
47、 whichdata is to be used to verify environmental compliance.2 Acronyms and References2.1See Appendix B for a list of acronyms and their defi-nitions.2.2See Appendix C for government and industry references.3 General3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.1.1Since the publication of RP 45, Recommended Prac-tice for Analy
48、sis of Oilfield Waters, Second Edition, 1968,there have been major changes in analytical needs for oilfieldwaters. The computer age has pushed both oilfield and analyt-ical chemistry technology forward at a rapid rate. Oilfieldwater analyses data are now used in computer programs topredict such thin
49、gs as water compatibility, scaling tendencies,and fluid movement in reservoirs.3.1.2Field instruments to perform analytical proceduresonsite have proliferated since 1968. Computers have greatlyimproved analytical sensitivity for determining dissolved anddispersed constituents in oilfield water. Environmental aware-ness demands that sophisticated technology be applied tomany oilfield water analyses.3.1.3The changes since publication of the Second Editionhave affected the goals, application, and organization of thisdocument.3.2 GOALSThe purpose of this document is to provide the user within
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