1、Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line PipeAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 5L1SEVENTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2009REAFFIRMED, MAY 2015Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line PipeUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 5L1SEVENTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 2009REAFFIRMED, MAY 2015Spec
2、ial NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty
3、 or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API no
4、r any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Classified areas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any given situation. Users of this rec
5、ommended practice should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.Users of this recommended practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgement should be used in employing the informatio
6、n contained herein.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication an
7、d hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering
8、 and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any ot
9、her practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform
10、 to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publishe
11、r, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2009 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or produc
12、t covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a sta
13、ndard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API
14、standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington,
15、 DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be
16、 added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submi
17、tted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Basic Rules and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . 12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 General Requirements (for All Pipe Sizes 2 3/8 and Larger). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 Railcar Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 Bearing Strips and Blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 Separator Strips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.4 Handling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.5 Pipe with Filler Metal Weld Seams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 End Protection (Gondolas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 Banding and Tying Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Transit Fatigue . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Loading Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Tables1 Distance from Pipe Ends to End-bearing Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2vIntroductionAPI Recommended Practice (RP) 5L1 is under jurisdiction of the API Subcommit
28、tee on the Standardization of Tubular Goods. Line pipe shipped by rail is loaded either in gondola cars or on flatcars. In either case, the loading practice shall be designed to assure that pipe, when transported under normal conditions by all rail carriers involved, will arrive at the destination u
29、ndamaged. These supplementary recommendations have resulted from experience of the shippers of line pipe showing that damage to pipe during rail shipments consists of the three principal types listed below. a) End DamagePipe end damage can result from longitudinal shifting of the load into the end o
30、f the car body or the pipe pile on an adjacent car. b) Abrasions or PeeningThese result from rubbing or pounding action against some protrusion, such as weld reinforcement of adjacent pipe or a rivet head in the car bottom or side wall. This condition may also be followed by the initiation of fatigu
31、e cracks at the damaged areas during transit.c) Longitudinal Fatigue CracksLongitudinal fatigue cracks can be initiated in the pipe by vertical vibrations and forces, repeated many times during long rail trips. These fatigue cracks are the result of a combination of static and cyclic stresses produc
32、ed by the static load of upper layers of pipe and a cyclic load caused by the vertical movement of the transportation equipment. Fatigue cracks are often associated with local abrasion or denting but may arise with no apparent surface damage.The seventh edition of this RP incorporates revisions in l
33、ight of an identification of inaccuracies in the equations for static load stress, which were derived by numerical methods decades ago. These inaccuracies were discovered when finite element analysis methods were used to check the equations. API is working to update and revise these equations for a
34、future edition. Notwithstanding these inaccuracies, there have been no confirmed transit fatigue failures reported in pipe loaded in accordance with previous editions of this document.vi1Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe1 Scope1.1 GeneralThe recommendations provided herei
35、n apply to the transportation on railcars of API 5L steel line pipe in sizes 2 3/8and larger in lengths longer than single random. These recommendations cover coated or uncoated pipe, but they do not encompass loading practices designed to protect pipe coating from damage.1.2 Basic Rules and Require
36、mentsCertain minimum mandatory rules governing the loading practices are prescribed by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) as referenced in the next section.The recommendations given herein are supplementary to the AAR loading practices. If any recommendations are in conflict with AAR loadin
37、g practices, those of AAR shall govern.NOTE If the AAR loading rules are not applicable to the railroad transportation of line pipe in the country of origin, the basic loading practice shall be as prescribed in the applicable nationally recognized loading rules and requirements for the type of railr
38、oad cars used in the country of origin and that document becomes the reference to which these supplementary recommendations apply.These supplementary recommendations to AAR rules are for the convenience of purchasers and manufacturers in the loading and shipping of pipe and are not intended to inhib
39、it purchasers and manufacturers from using other supplementary loading and shipping practices by mutual agreement.2 ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including an
40、y amendments) applies.API Specification 5L, Specification for Line PipeAAR 1, General Rules Governing the Loading of Commodities on Open Top CarsAAR, General Rules Governing the Loading of Pipe on Open Top Cars3 Acronyms, Abbreviations, and SymbolsD specified outside diameterGMAW gas metal arc weldi
41、ngOD outside diameterSAW submerged arc weldingt specified wall thickness1Association of American Railroads, 50 F Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001, www.aar.org.2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 5L14 General Requirements (for All Pipe Sizes 2 3/8 and Larger)4.1 Railcar ConditionCars used to ship pipe shall b
42、e reasonably free of all foreign materials, particularly those of such size and hardness that could damage pipe during shipment by abrasion or that could contribute to movement of the pipe in the car during shipping or humping. Cars that have metallic protrusions on the bed or sides (such as bent or
43、 torn parts) that would require excessive thickness of bearing strips or of side stakes to prevent contact of the protrusion with the pipe during shipment shall not be used.4.2 Bearing Strips and BlockingMetallic bearing strips are prohibited. Side protection shall be provided for pipe shipped in go
44、ndola cars where the pipe may contact the sides of the car. Blocking, where required because of uneven car sides, should be introduced between car sides and stakes, and firmly attached to stakes.The thickness of the bearing strips shall be sufficient to prevent the pipe from touching the bed or prot
45、rusions thereon, but in no case less than 2 in. (50 mm) nominal thickness and 4 in. (100 mm) nominal width. Furthermore, the following situations shall require 2 in. (50 mm) nominal thickness and 6 in. (150 mm) nominal width for bearing strips, except where AAR stipulates greater dimensions: pipe si
46、ze 6 floating loads, and pipe size 20 in. loads other than floating. Strip height shall not exceed strip width. A minimum of four bearing strips shall be used, and an even number of bearing strips should be used for each pipe stack. Bearing strips shall be evenly spaced.The bearing strips shall be a
47、ligned so that the load on individual bearing members is not excessive. All intermediate bearing members should be level with respect to the end bearing members within approximately 1/2 in. for pipe of size 6 5/8 to size 16 exclusive, and within approximately 1/4 in. for pipe of sizes 16 and larger
48、or for any pipe having a D/t ratio of 50 or more. The blocking used for leveling shall be firmly attached to the bearing members.4.3 Separator StripsHorizontal separator strips shall be used when the pipe is not nested. For single or double overhanging loads using separator strips, such strips shall
49、 also be used on the overhanging portion, and this portion shall be steel banded, regardless of the D/t ratio. Overhanging shall meet the requirements of Table 1.4.4 Handling EquipmentWhen end hooks are used for handling pipe, they shall be designed to prevent end damage and should be lined in the area of land (bevel face) contact with a cushioning material (i.e. a nonmetallic material such as rubber or a metallic material such as aluminum, but brass, copper, bronze, and any copper alloy shall be excluded). They shall also have sufficient width and depth to fit the internal curvat
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