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API RP 90-2-2016 Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore Wells (First Edition) .pdf

1、Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore WellsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 90-2FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2016Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neithe

2、r API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for an

3、y use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by

4、 anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or resp

5、onsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are n

6、ot intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment o

7、r materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserve

8、d. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Was

9、hington, DC 20005.Copyright 2016 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythi

10、ng contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standar

11、d. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 200

12、05. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added

13、to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to

14、 the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General . . . . .

15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Conditions of Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sources of Annular Casing Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 Thermally Induced Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 Operator-imposed Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.4 Sustained Casing Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Onshore Well System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 Typical Well Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 Key Component Overview. . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 Potential Communication Paths into the “A” Annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 Potential Communication Paths into the Outer Ann

22、uli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Annular Casing Pressure Management Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 Non-monitorable Annular Casing Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Maximum Allowable Wellhead Operating Pressure . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.2 Wellhead Section Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.3 Completion Equipment Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.4 Formation Fracture Breakdown Pressure

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.5 Tubular De-ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.6 Other Considerations. . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Upper and Lower Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.1 General . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.2 Considerations when Establishing a Diagnostic Threshold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.3 Basis of DT Va

29、lues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.4 Periodic Review of Diagnostic Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Meth

30、ods and Frequency of Monitoring Annular Casing Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.2 Dete

31、ction and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199.3 Routine Monitoring of Wells with Annular Casing Pressure within Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . 199.4 Monitoring of Wells with Sustain

32、ed Casing Pressure above the Upper Diagnostic Threshold . . . . . . . 209.5 Monitoring of Wells with Thermally Induced Casing Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209.6 Monitoring of Wells with Operator-imposed Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110 Annular Casing Pressure Evaluation Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2110.2 Pressure Bleed-down/Build-up Test Methods and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2210.3 Thermally Induced Casing Pressure Evaluation Methods and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . . . 2410.4 Diagnostic Actions following Bleed-down and Build-up Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2610.5 Subsequent Bleed-down and Build-up Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2711 Doc

36、umentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28vContentsPage11.1 Annular Casing Pressure Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . 2811.2 Monitoring Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2911.3 Diagnostic Test Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3011.4 Maximum Allowable Wellhead Operating Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3412 Risk Management Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.1 General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.2 Risk Management Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3512.3 Risk Assessment Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3612.4 Risk Assessment Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Annex A (informative) Pressure Containment and Communication Path Considerations in Well Design . . . 39Annex B (informative) Example Calculations for the Tubular Component of the MAWOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Bibliography . . . . . . .

42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Figures1 Typical Onshore Wellbore Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. 82 Annular Casing Pressure Management Process Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Upper and Lower Diagnostic Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17TablesB.1 Components of Ex

44、ample Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45B.2 Well Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、46B.3 Example Data for Default Designation Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46B.4 Example Data for Simple De-rating Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47B.5 Revised “A” Annulus MAWOP

46、 and Upper DT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48B.6 Example Data for Explicit De-rating Method Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49B.7 Revised “B” Annulus MAWOP and Upper DT . . . . .

47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50IntroductionThis recommended practice is intended to serve as a guide for managing annular casing pressure (ACP) in onshore wells. Onshore wells are subject to the same causes of ACP as wells constructed and ope

48、rated in offshore environments (discussed in API 90). The architecture of an onshore well is such that it generally provides physical access to each casing annulus at the wellhead.Wells are designed to permit operation under pressure. The existence of pressure in a contained annular space is only pr

49、oblematic when that pressure exceeds the designed (or de-rated) maximum allowable wellhead operating pressure (MAWOP) or when a change in the pressure indicates a potential loss of well integrity. vi0Annular Casing Pressure Management for Onshore Wells1 Scope1.1 GeneralThis document is intended to serve as a guide to monitor and manage annular casing pressure (ACP) in onshore wells, including production, injection, observation/monitoring, and storage wells. This document applies to wells that exhibit thermally induced, operator-imposed, or sustained ACP. It includes criteria for establish

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