ABS 86-2013 GUIDANCE NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS.pdf

1、 Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems GUIDANCE NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS AUGUST 2013 (Updated February 2014 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2013 American

2、Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Updates February 2014 consolidation includes: August 2013 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 iii Foreword Foreword The maritime industry is increasing

3、ly responsive to the important influence the human element has on effective safety standards and practices. With increased attention to human element concerns being paid by organizations such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the United Kingdoms Health and Safety Executive (HSE), and the Inte

4、rnational Maritime Organization (IMO), among others, it is expected that the application of ergonomic data and principles to maritime systems will expand rapidly. This is entirely appropriate since many studies and authorities cite human error as the principal component for a majority of maritime ac

5、cidents, yet the amount of ergonomic design guidance available to marine architects, designers, and engineers remains sparse. To meet this need, in 1998 ABS initially published its Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems, which underwent revision in 2003. The document has e

6、njoyed an enthusiastic reception by the maritime industry, and many organizations have adopted the Guidance Notes as a design reference. That success is due to the provision of industry-specific, internationally applicable ergonomic principles and criteria. Since its initial publication, and revisio

7、n, on-going use and review of the document has led to industry feedback motivating ABS to again revise and update these Guidance Notes. This edition updates the previous Guidance Notes through the inclusion of more recent data and includes new, industry-requested guidance with respect to application

8、s not included in the predecessor Guidance Notes. This revision to the ABS Guidance Notes on the Application of Ergonomics to Marine Systems will continue the promotion, application, and understanding of ergonomic data and principles to vessel and offshore installation design. It is hoped that as th

9、ese Guidance Notes are used, in concert with human-system interface design processes, they will provide a wide range of information and data needed to integrate humans and systems, and thereby improve personnel performance and safety, and reduce human error. The ergonomic data and principles contain

10、ed are provided as guidance. Compliance is not required, although ABS advises designers, owners, and operators to consider adopting this guidance where feasible. These Guidance Notes become effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS web

11、site www.eagle.org to verify that this version of these Guidance Notes is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 Table of Contents GUIDANCE

12、 NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 2 The ABS Ergonomics Model: Elements that Enhance Safety 1 2.1 Design and Layout Considerations 2 2.2 Ambient Environmental Considerations . 2 2.3 Considerations Related to People . 2 2.4 Manage

13、ment and Organizational Considerations 2 3 Terminology 3 4 Scope of the Guidance Notes . 7 5 Contents of the Guidance Notes . 7 FIGURE 1 ABS Ergonomics Model 2 SECTION 2 Controls . 8 1 General . 8 1.1 Application . 8 2 Principles . 8 2.1 Labeling . 8 2.2 Feedback . 8 2.3 Integration with Displays an

14、d Alarms . 8 2.4 Coding . 8 2.5 Simultaneous Operation of Controls 8 2.6 Controls for Maintenance . 8 2.7 Prevention of Accidental Activation 8 2.8 Compatibility with Clothing . 9 3 General Guidelines . 9 3.1 Control Selection . 9 3.2 Control Movement . 9 3.3 Control Spacing . 10 3.4 Mounting 12 3.5

15、 Coding . 14 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 v TABLE 1 Control Movement Expectations . 11 TABLE 2 Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls 11 TABLE 3 Controls and Kneeling Dimensions . 13 TABLE 4 Controls and Squatting Dimensions 13 FIGURE 1 Control Movement E

16、xpectations . 10 FIGURE 2 Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel . 12 FIGURE 3 Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel 13 SECTION 3 Displays 15 1 General . 15 1.1 Application . 15 2 Principles. 15 2.1 Labeling . 15 2.2 Content 15 2.3 Coding . 15 2.4 Status Information . 15 2.5 Operation

17、s versus Maintenance 15 2.6 Avoid Clutter 15 2.7 Detectability of Audible Displays . 15 3 General Visual Display Guidelines . 16 3.1 Line-of-Sight and Orientation . 16 3.2 Readability . 16 3.3 Mounting 17 3.4 Size Coding . 19 3.5 Color Coding . 19 3.6 Scale Coding . 20 4 Auditory Displays 21 4.1 Use

18、 of Auditory Signals . 22 4.2 Design Characteristics of Auditory Display 22 TABLE 1 Displays and Kneeling Dimensions . 19 TABLE 2 Displays and Squatting Dimensions . 19 TABLE 3 Typical Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry . 21 FIGURE 1 Line-of-Sight 16 FIGURE 2 Field-of-View . 1

19、7 FIGURE 3 Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel . 18 FIGURE 4 Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel 18 FIGURE 5 Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display 21 vi ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 SECTION 4 Alarms . 23 1 General . 2

20、3 1.1 Application . 23 2 Principles . 23 2.1 Types of Alarms . 23 2.2 Alarm Set Points 23 2.3 False Alarms 23 2.4 Alarm Priorities 24 2.5 Alarm Integration . 24 2.6 Alarm Response 24 2.7 Alarm Acknowledgement . 24 2.8 Master Silence Control 24 2.9 Subsequent Alarms . 24 2.10 Repetitive Alarms/Contro

21、ls 24 2.11 Test Function . 24 2.12 Temporary Disconnection of Alarms 24 3 Visual Alarms 25 3.1 General Guidance 25 3.2 Alarm Onset . 25 3.3 Alarms and Normal Operations . 25 3.4 Priority Coding . 25 3.5 Color Coding 25 3.6 Flasher Failure . 26 3.7 Contrast Detection . 26 3.8 Text Visibility and Legi

22、bility 26 3.9 Wording Criteria . 26 4 Audible Alarms 26 4.1 General 26 4.2 Content 26 4.3 Sound Characteristics 26 4.4 Number of Distinct Audible Alarms 27 4.5 Selection of Audible Signal Devices 27 4.6 Sound Loudness 27 4.7 Sound Frequency 28 4.8 Control of Loudness . 28 4.9 Detection Level 28 4.10

23、 Automatic Reset 28 4.11 Manual Reset 28 4.12 Cleared Alarms 28 4.13 Audible Coding of Priority Levels . 28 4.14 Caution Signal Controls . 28 4.15 Location of Equipment Generating Audible Signals . 28 4.16 Verbal Messages . 29 5 General Emergency Alarms 29 5.1 Guidance by Exception 29 5.2 Acknowledg

24、ement of Alarms . 29 5.3 Master Silence Control 29 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 vii 5.4 Alarm Integration . 29 5.5 Temporary Disconnection of Alarms . 29 5.6 Repetitive Controls 30 5.7 Alarm Content . 30 5.8 Caution Signal Controls . 30 5.9 Duration of

25、Alarm Flashing 30 5.10 Color and Priority Coding 30 6 Navigation Bridge Alarms . 30 7 Alarm Requirements by IMO. 30 8 Alarm Requirements Imposed by Other Regulatory Bodies . 30 TABLE 1 Guidelines for Color Coding 25 TABLE 2 General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency . 27 TABLE 3 Guidel

26、ines for Selecting Audible Signal Devices 27 SECTION 5 Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms 31 1 General . 31 1.1 Application . 31 2 Principles. 31 2.1 Control/Display Relationship . 31 2.2 Control/Display/Equipment Relationship . 31 2.3 Control/Display/Alarm Relationship . 31 2.4 Display/A

27、larm Relationship 31 2.5 Control and Display Movement Ratio 31 2.6 Grouping Relationships . 32 2.7 Segregation of Groups of Controls and Displays . 32 2.8 Labeling of Controls, Displays, and Alarms . 32 2.9 Color Coding . 32 2.10 Feedback . 32 3 Position Relationship of Displays and Alarms 32 4 Posi

28、tion Relationship of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms . 33 4.1 General 33 4.2 Design . 33 4.3 Multiple Controls, Displays, and Alarms 33 5 Location of Alarms and Alarm Response Controls . 34 5.1 Alarm Panel Location 34 5.2 Positioning of Alarms and Alarm Response Controls 34 6 Control and

29、Display Movement Relationships 34 6.1 Control/Display Movement Consistency 34 6.2 Control/Display Response Characteristics 35 7 Grouping Relationships Principles of Arrangement . 35 7.1 Determining the General Location . 35 7.2 Determining the Specific Arrangement within a General Location . 35 7.3

30、Consistency . 38 viii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 7.4 Design . 38 7.5 Functional Group Consistency . 38 7.6 Feedback . 38 7.7 Emergency Use . 38 8 Grouping Segregation . 39 9 Spatial Relationship of Controls and Displays to Equipment 41 9.1 Local Posit

31、ion 41 9.2 Position on Local Console . 45 9.3 Panel Orientation for Equipment Packages . 46 9.4 Panel Layout and Spatial Relationships 46 10 General Console Arrangements . 46 10.1 Console Dimensions 46 10.2 Extra-Width Consoles 49 10.3 Extra-Height, Multi-Tiered Console 49 10.4 Desktop Consoles for

32、Standing Personnel 49 11 Specific Console Applications . 52 11.1 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles 52 11.2 Propulsion, Navigation, and Steering Consoles . 52 11.3 Auxiliary Machinery Consoles 52 FIGURE 1 Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays 33 FIGURE 2 Row Arrangements of Multip

33、le Controls and Displays 34 FIGURE 3 Control and Display Movement Relationship 35 FIGURE 4 Grouping by Common Function or System . 36 FIGURE 5 Grouping by Common Equipment . 37 FIGURE 6 Grouping by Sequence of Use 37 FIGURE 7 Mirror-Image Arrangement to be Avoided 38 FIGURE 8 Grouping with Physical

34、Separation . 39 FIGURE 9 Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders . 40 FIGURE 10 Grouping with Colored or Shaded Areas 40 FIGURE 11 Grouping with Subpanels 41 FIGURE 12 Relationships Between Control and Display Position and Equipment . 41 FIGURE 13 Relationship of Local Panel with Redundant Equipmen

35、t 42 FIGURE 14 Relationship of Redundant Layouts in Separate Locations 42 FIGURE 15 Example of Mounting Controls so that the Relationship Between Controls and Equipment is Visually Obvious 43 FIGURE 16 Panel Layout Consistent with Equipment Arrangement and Orientation . 43 FIGURE 17 Alternate Approa

36、ches to Panel Design: Use of Mimic Lines versus Functional Grouping with Demarcation . 44 FIGURE 18 Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment . 45 FIGURE 19 Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartships 46 FIGURE 20 Consol

37、e Dimensions . 47 FIGURE 21 Seated Video-Display-Unit Console 48 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 ix FIGURE 22 Sit/Stand Video-Display-Unit Console 48 FIGURE 23 Wrap-Around Seated Console 49 FIGURE 24 Special-Width Console 50 FIGURE 25 Multi-Tiered Standing

38、 Console 50 FIGURE 26 Multi-Tiered Seated Console 51 FIGURE 27 Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console 51 FIGURE 28 Cargo and Ballast Transfer Console . 52 SECTION 6 Computer Workstation Design 53 1 General . 53 2 Anthropometrics 53 3 Usability and Workstation Adjustability . 54 4 Maintainability .

39、54 5 Workstation Ambient Environment . 54 6 Consoles and Desks . 54 7 Writing Surfaces 55 8 Working Surface Height 55 9 Seating 55 10 Keyboard Height . 55 11 Viewing Distance 55 12 Video Display Height . 55 13 Knee Space 55 FIGURE 1 Display Heights for Standing Personnel . 53 FIGURE 2 Seated Worksta

40、tion Illustration . 54 SECTION 7 Manual Valve Operation, Access, Location, and Orientation . 56 1 General . 56 1.1 Application . 56 2 Principles. 56 2.1 General Access . 56 2.2 Emergency Access 56 2.3 Valve Operators and Indicators . 56 2.4 Labeling . 56 2.5 Maximum Force . 57 3 Categorization of Va

41、lves for Selection of Location . 57 3.1 Applicability . 57 3.2 Category 1 Valves . 57 3.3 Category 2 Valves . 57 3.4 Category 3 Valves . 58 3.5 Assignment of Guidance by Valve Category . 58 3.6 Valve Operators and Indicators . 58 3.7 Labeling, Marking and Coding . 58 3.8 Clearances 59 3.9 Maximum Fo

42、rce . 59 x ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 3.10 Turning Aids 59 3.11 Handwheel Rim Dimension . 59 3.12 Human Endurance . 59 4 Preferred Valve Mounting Heights and Orientations 59 4.1 Handwheel-Operated Valves . 59 4.2 Lever-Operated Valves 62 5 Alternative

43、 Valve Orientations. 63 5.1 Valves in Overhead Position 63 5.2 Valves in Walkways . 63 5.3 Valves Accessible from One Side Only . 64 5.4 Valves at or Below Standing Surface . 64 5.5 Valves Operated from a Ladder . 66 5.6 Valve Handwheel Accessibility from Elevated Platforms . 68 6 Valve Manifolds .

44、68 TABLE 1 Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Oriented Parallel to the Standing Surface . 65 FIGURE 1 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Vertical Stems 60 FIGURE 2 Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves with Horizontal Stems 61 FIGURE 3 Mounting Heights for

45、 Handwheel Valves with Angled Stems 62 FIGURE 4 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Vertical Stems . 63 FIGURE 5 Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves with Horizontal Stems . 63 FIGURE 6 Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible from One Side Only . 64 FIGURE 7 Physical Reach

46、from a Stooping or Squatting Position 65 FIGURE 8 Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface 65 FIGURE 9 Orientation and Reach for Ladder Parallel to Valves 66 FIGURE 10 Orientation and Reach for Ladder Perpendicular to Valves . 67 FIGURE 11 Operating Lever Valves from

47、a Ladder . 67 FIGURE 12 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship . 68 FIGURE 13 Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft 69 FIGURE 14 Valve Manifold for Fill, High Suction, and Low Suction 70 SECTION 8 Labeling, Signs, Graphics, and Symbols . 71 1 General . 71 1.1 Application . 71 2 Princip

48、les . 71 2.1 Content 71 2.2 Background Color and Characters . 71 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS TO MARINE SYSTEMS .2013 xi 2.3 Orientation and Placement 71 2.4 Multiple Labels, Signs, Graphics, or Symbols . 72 2.5 Material 72 3 Component Labels on Consoles and Panels . 72 3.1 La

49、bel All Controls and Displays . 72 3.2 Character Size . 72 3.3 Mounting Location . 72 3.4 Content 72 3.5 Relationship of Control and Control Setting Labels . 73 3.6 Group Labels . 73 3.7 Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls 74 3.8 Material 75 4 Equipment Identification Labels 75 4.1 Description and Equipment Number 75 4.2 Format . 75 4.3 Mounting Location . 75 5 Electrical System Labels . 77 6 Sensor Labels . 77 7 Room or Space Identification Labels 77 8 Pipe Marker Labels . 77 8.1 Usage 77 8.2 Format . 78 8.3 Selection of Colors 79 8.4 Use of Two Colors or Two Bands of Col