ACI 327R-2014 Guide to Roller- Compacted Concrete Pavements.pdf

1、Guide to Roller-Compacted Concrete PavementsReported by ACI Committee 327ACI 327R-14First PrintingFebruary 2015ISBN: 978-0-87031-994-5Guide to Roller-Compacted Concrete PavementsCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduc

2、ed or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents

3、. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata web

4、site at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its c

5、ontent and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provid

6、ed “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidenta

7、l, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use.

8、ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, Uni

9、ted States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards

10、that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (

11、MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis guide provides owner-agencies, contractors, materials suppliers, and others with a thorough introduction to roller-compacted concrete (RCC) and its many pa

12、ving applications. This guide describes RCC and how it works as a paving material, how it compares to concrete pavement, its common uses and benefits, and potential limitations compared to other paving materials. Troubleshooting guidelines are provided, as well as detailed overviews of RCC propertie

13、s and mate-rials, mixture proportioning, structural design issues, production and construction considerations, and quality control.Keywords: industrial pavement; inspection and testing; joints; pavement; pavement design; roller-compacted concrete (RCC); RCC mixture propor-tioning; RCC pavement const

14、ruction; RCC production.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 2CHAPTER 3KEY ELEMENTS, p. 23.1Performance comparison of RCC to conventional concrete pavement, p. 23.2Materials and structural performance properties, p. 33.3Perform

15、ance differences between RCC and conven-tional concrete pavement, p. 43.4Benefits of RCC, p. 53.5Sustainability, p. 73.6Potential limitations, p. 7CHAPTER 4COMMON USES, p. 74.1Ports, intermodal facilities, and heavy industrial facilities, p. 74.2Light industrial areas, p. 94.3Airport service areas,

16、p. 94.4Arterial streets, p. 94.5Local streets, p. 104.6Widening and shoulders, p. 104.7Multilayer pavement systems for high-speed uses, p. 114.8Logging facilities, composting areas, and storage yards, p. 11CHAPTER 5PROPERTIES AND MATERIALS, p. 115.1Roller-compacted concrete engineering properties, p

17、. 115.2RCC materials selection, p. 14CHAPTER 6MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 166.1Mixture proportioning methodologies, p. 166.2Materials considerations in RCC mixture propor-tioning, p. 176.3Methods for mixture proportioning, p. 18CHAPTER 7STRUCTURAL DESIGN, p. 207.1Basis for design, p. 207.2Subgrade, su

18、bbase, and base design, p. 217.3Design procedures, p. 217.4RCC-PAVE software (PCA procedure), p. 217.5PCASE software (USACE procedure), p. 247.6ACI design procedures, p. 25Norbert J. Delatte, Chair Anthony M. Sorcic, SecretaryACI 327R-14Guide to Roller-Compacted Concrete PavementsReported by ACI Com

19、mittee 327Wayne S. AdaskaJ. Howard AllredKerry S. HallFrank LennoxH. Celik OzyildirimRonald L. PeltzDavid W. PittmanJan R. PrusinskiDavid W. ScottTerry W. ShermanMatthew W. SingelTim James SmithShiraz D. TayabjiChristopher R. TullSamuel S. TysonKevin A. WentlandGergis W. WilliamThe committee would l

20、ike to recognize the contributions of Dale Harrington, Fares Abdo, and Chetan Hazaree to the source material for this document.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the u

21、se of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the informa-tion it contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be l

22、iable for any loss or damage arising there from. Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Arc

23、hitect/Engineer.This ACI document contains requirements that can, at the time of the documents adoption by ACI, be satisfied practi-cably only by use of a patented material, product, process, procedure, or apparatus. ACI does not endorse this tech-nology. The selection of any design methodology or u

24、se of any patented technology is at the option of the user.ACI 327R-14 supersedes ACI 325.10R-95 and was adopted and published February 2015.Copyright 2015, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of c

25、opies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.17.7American Concrete Paveme

26、nt Association Street-Pave design procedure, p. 277.8Jointing, p. 27CHAPTER 8PRODUCTION, p. 318.1Handling and storage, p. 328.2Roller-compacted concrete mixing plants, p. 328.3Batching and monitoring, p. 348.4Production levels, p. 34CHAPTER 9CONSTRUCTION, p. 359.1Subgrade, subbase, and base course p

27、reparation, p. 359.2Transporting RCC, p. 369.3Trial construction using test strips, p. 369.4Placement, p. 379.5Compaction, p. 389.6Troubleshooting, p. 43CHAPTER 10INSPECTION AND TESTING, p. 4510.1General, p. 4510.2Preconstruction inspection and testing, p. 4510.3Construction inspection and testing,

28、p. 4610.4Post-construction inspection and testing, p. 47CHAPTER 11REFERENCES, p. 48Authored references, p. 49APPENDIXMIXTURE PROPORTIONING BASED ON SOIL COMPACTION, p. 50A.1Analogy method, p. 50CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONRoller-compacted concrete (RCC) is an economical, fast construction candidate for man

29、y pavement applications. Because of its relatively coarse surface, RCC has tradition-ally been used for pavements carrying heavy loads in low-speed areas. In recent years, however, its use in commercial areas and for local streets and highways is increasing.This guide is largely based on Harrington

30、et al. (2010). The review panel for the Harrington report was made up largely of ACI Committee 327 members. With the coopera-tion of the Portland Cement Association, the report was used as the basis for this guide. Extensive changes were made during the committee review, including incorporating mate

31、-rial from ACI 325.10R. Additional references and examples have been added.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationC = coefficient relating flexural and compressive strength with values ranging from 9 to 11E = modulus of elasticity, psi (MPa)fr= flexural strength (third-point loading), psi (MPa)

32、fc = compressive strength, psi (MPa)h = slab thickness, in. (mm)k = modulus of subgrade reaction, psi/in. (MPa/mm) = stress, psi (MPa) = strain, in./in. (mm/mm)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.or

33、g/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. Defi-nitions provided herein complement that source.curlingout-of-plane deformation of the corners, edges, and surface of a pavement from its original shape due to differential temperature within the pavement.warpingout-of-plane deformation of the corners, edges, an

34、d surface of a pavement from its original shape due to differential moisture within the pavement.CHAPTER 3KEY ELEMENTS3.1Performance comparison of RCC to conventional concrete pavementRoller-compacted concrete (RCC) gets its name from the heavy vibratory steel drum and rubber-tired rollers used to c

35、ompact it into its final form. Roller-compacted concrete has similar strength properties and consists of the same basic ingre-dients as conventional concretewell-graded aggregates, cementitious materials, and waterbut has different mixture proportions. The biggest difference between RCC and conven-t

36、ional concrete mixtures is that RCC has a higher percentage of fine aggregates that allow for tight packing and compaction.Fresh RCC is stiffer than typical zero-slump conventional concrete, with a consistency that is stiff enough to remain stable under vibratory rollers, yet wet enough to permit ad

37、equate mixing and distribution of paste without segregation.RCC is typically placed with an asphalt-type paver equipped with a standard or high-density screed, followed by a combination of passes with rollers for compaction. Final compaction is usually achieved within 1 hour of mixing. Unlike conven

38、tional concrete pavements, RCC pavements are constructed without forms, dowels, or reinforcing steel. Joint sawing is not required, but when sawing is specified, transverse joints are spaced farther apart than with conven-tional concrete pavements.RCC pavements are strong, dense, and durable. These

39、characteristics, combined with construction speed and economy, make RCC pavements an excellent alternative for parking and storage areas including port, intermodal, and military facilities; highway shoulders; streets; and highways. RCC can also be used in composite systems as base material.The use o

40、f RCC in public and private applications has been increasing steadily in recent years (Fig. 3.1), particu-Fig. 3.1Increasing use of RCC pavements (Pittman and Anderton 2009). (Note: 1 yd2= 0.8 m2.)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE P

41、AVEMENTS (ACI 327R-14)larly in the construction of low-volume roads and parking lots (Pittman and Anderton 2009).3.2Materials and structural performance propertiesRCC pavements combine various aspects of conventional concrete pavement material practices with construction practices typical of asphalt

42、 pavements (Fig. 3.2a). However, while RCC pavements are compacted in the same manner and have similar aggregate gradation (Chapters 5 and 6) as asphalt pavements (Fig. 3.2b), the materials and struc-tural performance properties of RCC are similar to those of conventional concrete pavement.With well

43、-graded aggregates, proper cement and water content, and dense compaction, RCC pavements can achieve strength properties equal to those of conventional concrete, with low permeability.RCC mixtures should be dry enough to support the weight of a vibratory roller after placement, yet wet enough to ens

44、ure an even distribution of paste. Proper proportioning is essential for ensuring that the mixture has sufficient paste to coat the aggregate particles and fill the voids of the compacted mixture. Coating the aggregate particles is essen-tial to obtain a strong and durable pavement and ensure load t

45、ransfer through aggregate interlock.Compaction is the process by which the aggregate parti-cles in the RCC mixture are forced closer together, reducing the amount of air voids in the mixture and increasing the density of the pavement structure. Increased density makes the pavement suitable for load-

46、bearing applications. Rolling should occur before cement hydration begins to harden the paste between the aggregate particles.Achieving proper density during the rolling process helps prevent non-uniform compaction and isolated weak areas. Depending on the specific mixture and laydown equipment used

47、, external mechanical compaction by rollers could result in a 5 to 20 percent reduction in volume and pavement thickness.Minimizing air void content in the RCC mixture is crucial to its durability. Excess air voids allow penetration of air and water. Non-entrained air weakens the mixture, while exce

48、s-sive water can weaken the mixture and also cause mate-rials-related distresses in the aggregates and damage from freezing and thawing (F-T).Fig. 3.2aRCC combines aspects of conventional concrete and hot-mix asphalt paving materials and construction practices (Harrington et al. 2010).Fig. 3.2bAggre

49、gate gradation of RCC (without symbols) is similar to aggregate gradation of intermediate HMA layer (with symbols) (Harrington et al. 2010).Fig. 3.2cStrength versus density for various RCC mixtures (Schrader 1992).American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.orgGUIDE TO ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (ACI 327R-14) 3The best performance characteristics are obtained when RCC is reasonably free of segregation and is consistently compacted throughout the entire lift at, or close to, max