1、ACI 330R-08Reported by ACI Committee 330Guide for the Design and Constructionof Concrete Parking LotsGuide for the Design and Constructionof Concrete Parking LotsFirst PrintingJune 2008ISBN 978-0-87031-279-3American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Ins
2、titute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports a
3、nd standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for t
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9、luding but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standard
10、s and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 330R-08 supersedes ACI 330R-01 and was adopted and pub
11、lished June 2008.Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual
12、 reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.330R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting
13、construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allres
14、ponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall b
15、e restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for the Design and Constructionof Concrete Parking LotsReported by ACI Committee 330ACI 330R-08Concrete parking lots serve many kinds of public facilities, commercialdevelopments, businesses, and multifamily housing pr
16、ojects. They primarilyaccommodate parked vehicles, but may also provide maneuvering areasand access for delivery vehicles. The design and construction of concreteslabs for parking lots and outside storage areas share many similaritieswith the design and construction of streets and highways, but they
17、 alsohave some very distinct differences. A full appreciation of the differencesand the modification of design and construction procedures to take thesedifferences into account can result in economical concrete parking lots thatwill provide satisfactory service for many years with little maintenance
18、.This guide includes information on site investigation, thickness determi-nation, design of joints and other details, durability considerations, pavingoperations, and quality-assurance procedures during construction.Maintenance and repair are also discussed.Keywords: concrete pavement; curing; dowel
19、s; finishing; joints; loadtransfer; parking lot; subgrade; thickness; traffic loads.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 330R-21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3BackgroundChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 330R-32.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Pavement design, p. 330R-43.1Introduction3.2Pavement
20、 stresses3.3Traffic loads3.4Subgrade support3.5Concrete properties3.6Thickness design3.7Jointing3.8Steel reinforcement in parking lot pavements3.9Joint filling and sealing3.10Pavement grades3.11Other design featuresChapter 4Materials, p. 330R-124.1Introduction4.2Strength4.3Durability4.4Economy4.5Wor
21、kability4.6Material specificationsChapter 5Construction, p. 330R-135.1Introduction5.2Subgrade preparationDavid J. Akers Douglas W. Deno Frank Lennox David N. RichardsonRichard O. Albright Edwin H. Gebauer Robert V. Lopez David M. SuchorskiJ. Howard Allred Nader Ghafoori John R. Love, III Scott M. Ta
22、rrWilliam L. Arent Omer Heracklis Richard E. Miller Diep T. TuJoseph P. Bergmaier Jerry A. Holland Jon I. Mullarky Robert L. VarnerBryan M. Birdwell James W. Hoolehan Scott M. Palotta Don J. WadeMichael W. Cook Kenneth G. Kazanis Nigel Parkes Richard L. WarrenNorbert J. Delatte Frank A. KozeliskiV.
23、Ti m C o s tChairMatthew A. OffenbergSecretary330R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT5.3Layout for construction5.4Paving equipment5.5Placing, finishing, and texturing5.6Curing and protection5.7Jointing5.8Pavement markings5.9Opening to trafficChapter 6Inspection and testing, p. 330R-166.1Introduction6.2Subgrade
24、preparation6.3Concrete quality6.4Construction operationsChapter 7Maintenance and repair, p. 330R-177.1Introduction7.2Surface sealing7.3Joint and crack sealing7.4Full-depth repair7.5Undersealing and leveling7.6Overlays7.7Parking lot cleaningChapter 8References, p. 330R-208.1Referenced standards and r
25、eports8.2Cited referencesAppendix AProcedures for concrete pavement design, p. 330R-24A.1Pavement stress determination and fatigueconsumptionA.2Source of thickness tablesA.3AASHTO procedureAppendix BSubgrade, p. 330R-29B.1IntroductionB.2Soil classificationB.3Problem soilsB.4Expansive soilsB.5Frost a
26、ctionB.6Mud-pumpingB.7Support uniformityAppendix CSuggested details, p. 330R-31C.1Pavement jointing and design feature detailsAppendix DParking lot geometrics, p. 330R-34D.1Parking requirementsD.2Entrances and exitsD.3Truck-parking facilitiesD.4Additional informationCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.
27、1IntroductionConcrete parking lots have many similarities to other typesof concrete pavement. On the other hand, parking lots differfrom other pavements in that most of the area is intended forstorage of vehicles and other goods rather than for movementof vehicles. The design of concrete parking lot
28、s should followgenerally accepted procedures for concrete pavements asoutlined in this guide. Load-bearing capacity, drainage, crackcontrol, life-cycle cost, constructibility, and maintainability areother characteristics that are important in the design andconstruction of concrete pavements, includi
29、ng parking lots.Typically, concrete parking lots do not serve the same broadspectrum of traffic loading, from light vehicles to heavytrucks, as highways and arterial streets. Facilities designed toaccommodate both light vehicles and heavier delivery trucksmay employ traffic controls to separate and
30、channel theheavier trucks away from areas designed for automobiles andlight trucks. Facilities designed for heavier vehicles are likelythose facilities where relatively accurate predictions of vehiclesizes and numbers are possible. Facilities intended to serveonly light vehicles may have concrete pa
31、rking lot slabs withthicknesses influenced by the practical limitations of thematerial and environmental effects rather than by the pavementstress created by vehicle loads. Durability-related distress isoften the most critical maintenance concern for lightly loadedconcrete parking lot pavements, whi
32、ch are subject to theeffects of fuels and lubricants leaked from vehicles as well asenvironmental influences. Vehicles in parking areas usuallytravel at low speeds, diminishing the importance of smoothnesstolerances. Because parking lots must also accommodatepedestrians, designs and geometrics shoul
33、d reflect pedestriansafety considerations including crosswalks, a slip-resistantsurface texture, and nighttime illumination.Concrete parking lots range in size from small, such as atcorner convenience stores, to medium, such as at multi-unithousing projects, to large, such as those for shopping cent
34、ersand office or commercial developments. Most parking areasinclude driveways, some of which need to accommodaterelatively heavy loads. Special consideration may be neededif access to dumpsters is to be included. Accordingly,concrete parking lots are constructed with a wide variety ofconstruction eq
35、uipment, ranging from hand tools and vibratoryscreeds to large highway paving equipment or laser screeds.Because of the relatively high stiffness of concretepavements, loads are spread over larger areas of the subgradecompared with asphaltic pavements. As a result, thinnerconcrete pavements can be u
36、sed for the same subgrade material.Additional benefits of using concrete to construct parkinglots include the following:Concrete surfaces resist deformation from maneuveringvehicles;Concrete surfaces drain well with only minimal slopes;Concrete has relatively simple maintenance requirements;Traffic
37、lane and parking stall markings can be incorpo-rated into the jointing pattern;Concrete is minimally affected by leaking petroleumproducts;The light-reflective surface of concrete can be efficientlyilluminated with minimal energy requirements; andConcrete parking lots reduce the impacts of the urban
38、heat island effect relative to those of asphalt parkinglots by producing lower surface temperatures, thusproviding a cooler urban environment and reducingozone production.DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PARKING LOTS 330R-3The sustainable construction benefits of concrete areconsiderable as compa
39、red with other pavement materials.Concrete parking lots typically have service lives of 30 yearsor more, requiring no additional use of aggregates and othernonrenewable materials resources through the period. Inaddition to opportunities for the use of sustainable concretecomponent materials such as
40、recycled aggregates and supple-mentary cementitious materials derived from industrial by-products, concretes light-colored surface helps reducereflected solar radiation, and its higher reflectivity canreduce illumination requirements considerably. Lowerresulting energy requirements are realized thro
41、ughout thefacilitys life cycle. Pervious concrete may be useful inreducing storm water runoff from the site (ACI 522R). At theend of the service life, concrete can be recycled into aggregatesand pavement subbase materials. These and other attributesof concrete can be useful in obtaining LEED Green B
42、uildingcertification for a project (Portland Cement Association 2005).1.2ScopeThis guide is based on the current knowledge and practicesfor the design, construction, and maintenance of concreteparking lots. It emphasizes the aspects of concrete pavementtechnology that are different from procedures u
43、sed to designand construct other types of slabs-on-ground, such as streets,highways, and floors. This guide is not a standard or aspecification, and it is not intended to be included by referencein construction contract documents. ACI 330.1 can be usedfor these purposes.Parking lots have most loads
44、imposed on interior slabssurrounded by other pavement, providing some edge supporton all sides. Highway and street pavements carry heavyloads along and across free edges, and are subjected togreater deflections and stresses. Streets and pavements areusually designed to drain toward an edge where the
45、 watercan be carried away from the pavement. Parking lots areusually designed so some of the water is collected internallyand is conveyed away through underground systems. Inurban areas where rainfall runoff from large impervioussurfaces is regulated, parking lots often serve as detentionbasins (not
46、 addressed in this guide). This means that thepavement should store water for a period of time withoutincurring any damage due to loss of support from a saturatedsubgrade. Parking lots often accommodate appurtenances,such as lighting standards, drainage structures, trafficislands, and landscaped pla
47、nting areas. Provisions for theseappurtenances should be considered in the design of thejointing system and the layout for construction.1.3BackgroundDesign methods for concrete parking lot pavements aresomewhat empirical, and are based on the methods developedfor the design of highway pavements such
48、 as the PortlandCement Association (1984a,b) method and the AASHTO(1993) design method. These methods are primarilyconcerned with limiting both the stresses in the slab and thereductions in serviceability caused by mixed traffic,including heavy trucks, whereas parking lots usually servefewer vehicle
49、s either parked or traveling at slow speeds. Formany parking lots that will serve only light traffic loads, theneed for an extensive design process may be less critical. Forsuch projects, a designer can rely on personal experience toselect conservative values for the design criteria of subgrade soilsupport and imposed vehicle loads. In these cases, a conservativeselection of pavement thickness is prudent practice.Determining and specifying practical thickness tolerancesfor pavements is critical. Reduction of the pa
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